706 chronological arrangement 



r&.Z6Lk of Hildegarde ii. 174 — is referred here by Sprengel: the " cronesanke " of gloss. Hail. 

 978, is referred here by Cockayne ; and the " persicaria " with a fuscous spot in the middle of the 

 leaf is mentioned in Ortus Sanitalis 379 : V. persicaria is described by Ruellius, Fuchsius, Lacuna, 

 Dodoens, Lobel, and Gerarde ; is termed " persicaria mitis maculosa et non maculosa " by Tournefort 

 inst. 509; and is known to occur throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Dan. 

 pi. 702, Pers., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, frequent in moist 

 places in Crete and around Constantinople ; by Forskal, and Delile, at Alexandria and Rosetta on 

 the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; and is known to occur in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb.). 

 By European colonists, was carried to Iceland (Hook.) ; and prior to 1547, the "persicaria" or "herba 

 maculata" to the West Indies (Ovied. gen. hist. xi. 2); thence perhaps to Florida (Chapm.) and 

 throughout our Atlantic States, where it has become naturalized; was observed by Short in Ken- 

 tucky; by Drummond, at Cumberland House in Central North America ; and by myself, accompany- 

 ing the introduction of cultivation at the Kooskoosky mission-station in Oregon ; was also carried to. 

 Southeast Australia (Corder, and A. Dec). 



Cicuta virosa of Subarctic Climates. Called in Britain cowbane or water-hemlock (Prior) : the 

 C I C U L J. of Hildegarde ii. 159 — is referred here by Sprengel ; and the Anglo-Saxon " brocthung " 

 of gloss. Laud. 576, is referred here by Cockayne : C. virosa is termed " sium alteram" by Dodoens 

 589, is described also by Thalius 33 (Spreng.); and is known to grow in Switzerland, and from France 

 throughout Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Blackw. pi. 574, Hall. fl. Dan. pi. 208, Pers., and 

 Wats.). Eastward, is known to grow in Siberia (Dec). And farther East, in North America, in 

 the wooded country from " Lat 64° to 54 " (Hook.). The plant is a dangerous poison, causing 

 according to Christison " true tetanic convulsions " and death (Lindl.). 



Erodium cicutarium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A stork 's-bill called in 

 Germany "storcken schnabel " (Trag. ), in Greece " kaloge>6 " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the 

 StOrcKenSChnkbeL of Hildegarde ii. 160 : — E. cicutarium is described by Tragus i. pi. 113 ; 

 is termed "g. cicuta; folio minus et supinum " by Tournefort inst 269, "g. chaerophyllum " by Cava- 

 nilles iv. pi. 95 ; and is known to occur in waste and cultivated ground from Sweden and Russia 

 throughout Western Europe (Curt. lond. i pi. 51, IV-rs., and Wats.) : was observed by Sibthorp, and 

 Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Delile, seemingly wild near 

 Cairo. By European colonists, was carried to Chili, where it has become naturalized (Hook., and 

 myself) ; to California, where it is called pin-grass ox by the Spaniards " alfilerilla," and its stem 

 eaten (R. Brown jun.), has also become naturalized as far as the Great falls of the Columbia and the 

 Rocky mountains (Hook.) ; to Northeast America, observed'by Knieskern on the "shore of Oneida 

 Lake " (A. Gray). 



In or about 1 14S A. D. (= 1648 — " 500 yrs." of Flacourt praef. and i. 16), Zaffe-Ramini or Zaffer- 

 Amini, from the region around Mecca, settling at the Southern extreme of Madagascar; — where 

 they continued to rule a province until conquered by the French. 



Nymphaa iWadagasiarensis of Madagascar. A water-lily called '' tantamou,'' the root esculent 

 and well-flavoured, — and according to Flacourt' i. 3(1 the flower " violette " This is doubtless the 

 beautiful species with dentate leaves observed by myself in the pool or pond near the city of Zanzi- 

 bar. By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there (Boj., and Dec. 

 syst. p. 50. 



I'oandzcia subterranea of Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. An annual Leguminous plant, 

 called " voua-hanzou " in Madagascar, and cultivated there as early probably as this date : — ob- 

 served there by Flacourt, and Bojer; and the exported pods containing esculent beans known in 

 commerce as African groundnuts. By European colonists, the living plant carried to the Mauritius 

 Islands (Boj.) ; "from Africa" to Brazil prior to 1658, under the name of " mandobi " and distin- 

 guished by Piso pi. 256 from the Brazilian kind (A. Dec. geogr. bot. p. 964) ; and thence to Surinam 

 (Linn. jun. dec. xxxvii. pi. 17, and Pers.). 



Ccrhera tanghin of Madagascar. A tree called " voua-tanghine," the kernel of the fruit not 

 larger than an almond but sufficient to destroy twenty persons, used in .Madagascar as an ordeal — 

 but the practice is now discontinued (Lindl.) : the tree was observed by Bojer everywhere in the 

 forest, but on the Eastern side of the island only. Carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated 

 there. But according to Lindley, " it is very doubtful whether this is " a distinct species from C. 

 manghas. 



Canariuiii Jtarami of Madagascar. A tree called " harami," —described by Flacourt i. 36. 07 

 as very large, yielding the fragrant balsamic resin called tncamahaca which is employed medicinally, 

 and may even form a substitute for pitch; the timber besides suitable tor ship-building. By European 

 colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there (Boj.). 



Hydrogeton fenestralis of Madagascar. An aquatic perennial called " ouvirandran,'' the root as 

 large as the thumb, esculent, — and commended by Flacourt i. 36. 4 . observed by Bojer in rivers 



