OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 713 



Bentl. as. res. viii. p. 242), mentions king Prithue, and " Siva's bull steep to climb as mount Kailasa's 

 side " (Dowlutabad). 



Betula bhojputra of the mountains of Hindustan. A species of birch called in Sanscrit and 

 Telinga "bhurjamu " (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the "bhurja" tree of Kalidasa kum. i. 7 

 to ragh. and vikram. ii., its bark used for epistles by maidens on the mountains : — B. bhojputra was 

 Observed by Elliot, and Balfour, on the Northern Circars. 



"The same year" (Clavig. ii., and Humb. ii. 6), the Che'che'me'cas making their appearance on 

 the Mexican table-land, speaking the Toltec language.* 



'• 1 171 A. D." (art de verif ), death of Adhed and end of the Fatimite dynasty : the claim of the 

 Egyptian sultans to spiritual authority being abandoned, and that of the Abbassid khalifs acknowl- 

 edged. Saladin now became the real ruler of Egypt ; though to some extent acting under the orders 

 of Nooreddin of Damascus. 



" The same year " (Lubke and Lutrow), in England, a new cathedral commenced at York. — The 

 southern wing was finished " in 1227 ; " the northern cross-arm and tower, ■• in 1260 ; " the nave, in 

 1321 ; and the building completed in the "beginning of the Fifteenth century." 



" In or about this year" (rudim. chron. Lond.), the woollen manufacture established in England, 

 at Worsted and Norwich. 



" The same year " (Nicol.), a synod at Armagh. "All the English who were in bondage " in 

 Ireland, were released. 



Euphorbia hyberna of Western Europe. A large-leaved species of spurge, from early times 

 "used by the peasants of Kerry " for capturing fish by poisoning the water — (Major edit. Bethenc. 

 p. 131) : E. hyberna is described by Dillenius elth. pi. 290 ; and is known to grow on the mountains 

 of Southern Europe (Pers.). 



" 1 172 A. D." (Blair), invited by Dermot one of the local kings, Henry II. entered and took 

 possession of all Ireland : returning " about the beginning of February." Or (according to the Lon- 

 don rudimentary chronology) "the church in Ireland first becomes subject to the Roman see." 



"The same year" (rudim. chron. Lond.), building of Dublin castle. 



"upper side of the leaves " according to Gibson used by the natives "as a discutient, the under or 

 white side as a maturant ; " by Burmann pi. 20, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of the peninsula. 



Convolvuhcs {Rivca) fragrans of Tropical Hindustan. The clove-scented creeper \s perennial 

 and twining, called in the environs of Bombay "kulmilata '' (Graham) ; and the " camalata " of Kali- 

 dasa sacont., — may be compared : R. fragrans was observed by Vaupell, Nimmo, and Graham, from 

 Guzerat to Bombay and the Concans, its flowers " expanding at sunset and perfuming the air with 

 the scent of cloves," leaves " used as a potherb ; " was observed by VV. Jones as. res. iv. 257 as far 

 as Bengal. 



* Guazuma ulinifolia of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of South America. A 

 Theobromoid tree with yellow flowers, its mucilaginous fruit eaten from early times : the "guaguma" 

 — is described by Oviedo hist. gen. viii. 7; is known to grow on Martinique (Lindl.) ; and was 

 observed by A. Saint-Hilaire plant, us. pi. 14 in Brazil, its bark employed medicinally, and on account 

 of its abundant mucilage to clarify sugar (Lindl.). Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet 

 aim. pi. 77 : and by European colonists was carried to Hindustan, where it is called in Telinga "ood- 

 rick" (Drur.), and is now cultivated throughout, its light loose-grained wood used for furniture, and 

 its leaves for feeding cattle (Roxb., Royle, Wight, and Drur), was observed by Graham "planted" 

 as far as Bombay. 



Plumiera rubra of Mexico and the West Indies. An Apocynous tree with large fragrant 

 flowers, called in Mexican " quauhlepatlis " (Hernand.), and known from early times: — observed 

 by Hernandez in Mexico ; by Catesby pi. 92, and Descourtilz, in the West Indies ; and known to 

 grow as far as Surinam (Ehret pi. 10, and Pers.), its milky juice according to Lindley "excessively 

 corrosive." 



Plumiera alba of Mexico and the West Indies. Arborescent, called in Mexican " chupirena " 

 or " quauh-tlepatli " (Hernand.), and its delightfully fragrant flowers known from early times : — 

 observed by Hernandez in Mexico ; by Plumier pi. 231, Jacquin am. pi. 174, and Descourtilz, in the 

 West Indies, but no Carib name given. By European colonists was carried Westward across the 

 Pacific to the Philippines, where it has become well known though fruit is excessively rare, is called 

 in Tacalo "carachucha " or "calachuchi " or "calasasi," and its bark used in Ylocos as cathartic and 

 vermifuge (I. de Mercado, and Blanco) ; to the neighbouring islands (Rumph. iv. pi. 3S) ; to Anam 

 (Lour.) ; to Burmah, enumerated as "exotic " by Mason ; to Hindustan, observed by Roxburgh, and 

 Forbes or. mem., by Graham as far as Bombay, but "very rarely bears seeds perhaps from being 

 always propagated by cuttings," by myself only around villages. 



90 



