OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 717 



"The same year" (Alst.), Isaacus II. succeeded by Alexis III. Angel, fifty-seventh Byzantine 

 emperor. 



" In this year (= 592 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), after capturing Biana near Agra, and laying 

 siege to Gwalior, Shahab-u-din appears to have been called away by troubles in the West, and left 

 Kutb-u-din to complete his conquests in Hindustan. 



" 1 196 A. D." (Blair), Henri Dandolo doge of Venice. 



"The same year" (Azt. hierog. annals, Clavig., and Humb. ii. 6), the Acolhuans and Aztecs 

 making their appearance on the Mexican table-land : speaking, like their predecessors, the Toltec 

 language. 



The cochineal insect, Coccus cacti, discovered at an early period by the Mexicans, and reared 

 extensively to procure its brilliant dye.* — When the Spaniards entered the country in 15 19, cochineal 

 first became known to Europeans (Pereir.) ; but to the present day Mexico continues the source of 

 commercial supply. 



" 1 197 A. D." (G. de Tassy i. p. 519), Gwalior in the district of Agra captured by the Muslims. 

 — The city was retaken by the Hindus ; but was finally subjugated in " 1225 " by Altamsch sultan of 

 Delhi. A History of Gwalior is extant, written by the Hindee or Hindustanee poet Vargaraya. 



"In or about this year"(G. de la Vega, = 1249 — "near 50 years reign," Bias Valera, and addit. 

 art de verif.), Capac Yupanqui succeeded by his son Roca, now sixth Inca of Peru. — He enlarged the 

 empire to "two hundred leagues from North to South, by one hundred from East to West; " and 

 afterwards added fifty leagues to its length and breadth. 



Myrospermum Peritiferum of Eastern Peru. An Amyroid tree called there " quinquino " 

 (Lindl ), yielding the fragrant bitter aromatic balsam of Peru, known from early times f — (Hernand. 

 mex. pi. 51, and Ruiz) : growing in the Peruvian forest, in low warm sunny situations near the river 

 Maranon (Lindl.). 



Cinchona sp. of the Eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes. Forest-trees affording Peruvian bark, 

 from early times employed to intoxicate fishes — (Saunders, and Lindl. fl. med. 211). 



Phyteleplias macrocarpa of the Eastern side of the Peruvian Andes. A palm, its long fronds 

 employed from early times to cover dwellings, and the ivory-like kernel of its fruit for making imple- 

 ments : — observed by Ruiz and Pavon 301 in the forest in the warm region, its fruit very large and 

 called by colonists "caleza de negro" (Pers.). The imported kernels under the name of vegetable 

 ivory have become well known in the arts. 



* Opuntia coccinellifera of Mexico and the West Indies. A species of prickly pear, said to be 

 that on which the cochineal insect feeds, — described by Lopez de Gomara (Spreng.) : O. coccinelli- 

 fera, red-flowered and nearly thornless, is known to grow on Jamaica (Pers.). Transported to Europe, 

 is described by Knorr del. ii. pi. O, and Dillenius elth. pi. 297 : and by European colonists was carried 

 to Hindustan, observed "in gardens Bombay" by Graham; to Burmah, called there " ka-la-soung- 

 let-wa" (Mason). 



f Baccharis genistclloides and B. venosa of Peru. Allied species abounding in bitter extrac- 

 tive matter and from early times employed medicinally: — called in Brazil "carqueja dolce " and 

 "c. amarga" (Lindl.), or the first according to Marcgraf and Piso pi. 78 "canambaga" (Pers.): 

 "particularly serviceable in chronic diseases of horses, which are very fond of this herb" (Mart., 

 and Lindl.). 



Cantia edulis of Peru. Called there "achiras" (Lindl.), its fleshy tubers containing a large 

 quantity of starch resembling arrowroot, and from early times eaten as potatoes : — described by Ker 

 (bot. reg. ix. 775). 



Polypodium crassifoliwn of the Eastern side of the Peruvian Andes. A fern called " puntu- 

 puntu" (Lindl.), and from early times its root in infusion and decoction used as a sudorific : — observed 

 by Ruiz in the mountain-forest, in gravelly and rocky naked warm situations (Lindl.). From trans- 

 ported specimens, is termed " phyllitis maculata amplissimo folio " by Petiver fil. pi. 8. 



Polypodium calaguala of the Peruvian Andes. A fern called "calaguala" or "ccallahuala " 

 (Lindl.), its dried root extremely bitter and from early times used medicinally, — having great deob- 

 struent, sudorific, antivenereal, and febrifuge virtues : observed by Ruiz in the elevated cold region, 

 in clefts and on the side of rocks (Lamb, cinch. 120 pi. 2). Seldom to be had genuine in Europe 

 (Lindl.). 



Acrostichum huacsaro of Peru. A fern called by Spanish colonists " cordoncillo " or "calaguala 

 m diana," in Peruvian " huacsaro " (Lindl.), its root from early times used medicinally, — in cold infu- 

 sion and decoction yielding a red colour and slight astringent taste, but very inferior in action to true 

 calaguala: observed by Ruiz in elevated cold situations along the Andes (Lamb, cinch. 128, and 

 Lindl.). 



