720 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



" Aug. 25th " (Nicol.), a synod in London. The pope having confirmed king John's absolution, 

 the interdict was removed and the clergy were permitted to read "divine service in public." 



" 1214 to 1215 A. D." (Nicol), a synod at Bordeaux. All persons holding Jews were enjoined 

 "to compel them to remit usury to those who had taken the cross : " and a provision was adopted, 

 " That widows and others should not be compelled to marry against their inclinations." 



" I215 A. D." (Way ed. pr. pm. pref.), Alexander Neccham appointed abbot of Cirencester. His 

 writings are voluminous, — and are quoted by Galfridus, pr. pm. 



" June 10th " (Blair), Magna Cliarta signed by king John and the barons. 



"Nov. nth to 30th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Twelfth general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at 

 the Lateran in Rome. Among other acts, Auricular confession was sanctioned (a measure connected 

 with Indulgences and their prospective use). — Forty years later, Indulgences were for sale in Eng- 

 land (Alst. p. 395). 



" 1216, July 18th" (Alst., and Nicol), Innocentius III. succeeded by cardinal Cencio Savelli, 

 now Honorius III., twenty-first pope. Fredericus II. who wrote on Falconry (Pouchet), ruling 

 Germany and Italy ; Alexander II. ruling Scotland ; and in England "Oct. 19th," king John suc- 

 ceeded by Henry III. 



" The same year" (Clavig. ii.), arrival of the Aztecs at Tzompanco, a city in the vale of Mexico.* 



'• 1218 A. D." (Munk), Melek-Adel Seif-Eddin succeeded by Melek-Kamel, fifth Ayoubite sultan 

 of Egypt. A gold coin issued at Cairo by Melek-Kamel — is figured by Marcel p. 151. 



Astragalus glyciphyllus of Nonhern and middle Europe. Called in Britain milk-vetch or 

 liquorice-vetch (Prior); in which we recognize the " bathrat " or " schalin " seen by Abul Abbas 

 elnabati at Seville in Spain, and identified by a botanist there with the root of " glycirrhiza urbana " — 

 (Ebn Bait.) ; also the medieval Latin " liquiricia " (Prior), and the " licoris " plant of Chaucer c. t. 

 13690 : A. glyciphyllus is described by Morison ii. pi. 9 ; is termed " a. luteus perennis procumbens 

 vulgaris sive sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 416 ; and is known to occur in waste and cultivated 

 ground principally in Northern Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 203, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by 

 Sibthorp on mount Athos. 



Nan aJa procumbens of the Northern Sahara, from the Atlantic as far as Arabia. Called in 

 Egypt "saadan," in which we recognize the " sadan " growing in the sand of the treatise Elrujlat (by 

 A. A. Elnabati), — and Ebn Baitar: N. procumbens was observed by Forskal, Delile, and myself, in 

 the Egyptian portion of the Desert ; and is known to grow also in Barbary and Arabia (Linn., Lam. 

 ill. pi. 393, and Pers.). 



A'erium obesum of the Southern border of the Sahara as far as Arabia. The "zakkum" 

 described in the treatise Elrujlat as a tree of extraordinary shape, like a root as large as a man rising 

 more or less, the flowers jessamine-like, — and by Ebn Baitar as purple-flowered with Sesamum- 

 like pods but longer and containing woolly seeds, may be compared : N obesum was observed by 

 Forskal p. 205 among the mountains of Yemen, and called " aden " or " oddayn ; " and by myself, 

 on the hills at Aden. 



gloss. Laud. 553 with the d \ U C U S kS I n I n U S, — having according to Gerarde p 873 leaves like 

 hemlock, may be compared: Ae. cynapium is termed "petroselini vitium " by Tragus 100 (Spreng.) ; 

 is described also by Blackwell pi 517 ; and is known to grow in mountainous situations (Pers.), and 

 in cultivated ground from Austria to France and Britain (Crantz, and Engl bot. pi. 1192). Eastward, 

 is known to occur in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb., Trevir., and Steud.). By European colo- 

 nists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has been observed by myself sparingly around 

 dwellings in New England. Its leaves according to Lindley " are poisonous, producing nausea, 

 vomiting, headache, giddiness, drowsiness, spasmodic pain, numbness, etc." 



* Cassia alata of Tropical America. A shrub eight to twelve feet high, with showy yellow flow- 

 ers : —observed by Meriam in Surinam (Spreng.) ; by Swartz, and Descounilz, in the West Indies, 

 but no Carib name given; termed " c. herpetica" by Jacquin obs. ii. pi. 45. By European colonists 

 was carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, called in Tagalo " acapulco " or " gamot 

 sa buni " remedy against herpes or " catanda " or " sonting," in Pampango " pacayungoon castifa," in 

 Bisaya "casitas" or"sunting" (Blanco), observed by myself naturalized in Interior Luzon ; to the 

 neighbouring islands (Rumph. vii. pi. 18) ; to Burmah, "exotic" although "often found apparently 

 growing wild," called " mai-za-lee-gyee," and " much cultivated by the natives for its medicinal prop- 

 erties in diseases of the skin" (Mason v. 490) ; to Hindustan, called in Sanscrit " dadrooghna," in 

 Bengalee "dad-murdun," in Telinga "mitta tamara," in Tamil "wandu rolle " (Lindl) or " wandu- 

 kolli " or " seemee aghatie," in Hindustanee " veleytie aghatie '' (Drur.), observed by Ainslie, Rox- 

 burgh, Wight, and Drury, under cultivation as far as Travancore, the juice of its leaves mixed with 

 lime-juice as a remedy for ringworm ; by Graham, and myself, in gardens at Bombay. 



