724 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



occasionally met with in Burmah, and called "pyoung." By European colonists, was carried to North- 

 east America, where it is now cultivated for making brooms, and is called broom corn. 



" 1235 A. D." (Lubke and Lutrow), in Germany, the Elizabeth church at Marburg commenced.— 

 The building was finished "in 1283.'' 



" 1236, April (= 633 A. H. 20 Shaban" of Ferisht., Elph. vi. 1), Altamsh succeeded by his son 

 Rukn-u-din, and after " seven months " by his daughter Rezia, now sultana of Delhi. 



"June roth " (Nicol.), a synod at Tours. " In favour of the Jews." 



In this year (= "633 Hej." at Damascus, first meeting of Ebn Abi Osaibiah with Ebn Baitar. 

 Who on his way through Cairo received the title of vizir from Malek Kamel. also an honorary 

 degree from the Arab academy ; — and who died in " 1248 " (Ebn Abi Osaib., Abulfed., Spreng., and 

 Sonth.). 



Beamnuria vermiculata of the Northern Sahara. Called in Egypt "a'dbeh" or " mulleyh," in 

 which we recognize the "mollah" or "kaschkah" of the Arabs identified by Ebn Baitar with the 

 "androthakos:" — R. vermiculata was observed by Forskal p. 101, and Delile, in the Egyptian portion 

 of the Desert, the plant bruised and applied externally against psora, or taken internally in decoction ; 

 is known to grow also on the seashore of Syria, Sicily, and Barbary (Desf. i. p. 431, and Pers.j. From 

 transported specimens, is described by Morison iii. pi. 9. 



Dorema ammoniacum of Persia. An Umbelliferous plant called there "ooshak" or " oshac " 

 (Lindl.), in which we recognize the "osbak" of Ebn Baitar, — referred by Sontheimer to gum am- 

 moniac (probably from the evidence collected by Don linn, trans, xvi. 601) : D. ammoniacum is 

 described by Don as growing in Irak in " very dry plains and gravelly soil exposed to an ardent sun," 

 and he regards it as really furnishing "the ammoniacum of the shops " (Lindl. . see Ferula Tingi- 

 tana). 



Valeriana Pyrenaica of the Pyrenees. The "sathwal" mentioned by Ebn Baitar as the name of 

 zerumbet among the people of the North and remaining Franks, — may be compared with the "sete- 

 wale " of Chaucer c. t. 13690, and " setwal " of L\ te iii. 17, referred by Prior to V. Pyrenaica ; formerly 

 "sold by ignorant or fraudulent apothecaries" for zeduar sometimes spelt "zedualle : " V. Pyrenaica 

 is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 232, and escaping from gardens has become naturalized in various 

 parts of Britain (Hook., Wats., and Bab.) : in its wild state, is known to be confined to the Pyrenees. 



Cineraria maritima of the Mediterranean shores. Called in Egypt " achaouan abiat," and possi- 

 bly included in the "ukhuvan " of Ebn Baitar — and other Arab writers : observed by Alpinus pi. 28 

 used medicinally in Egypt ; and by myself growing as far inland as Cairo. Farther North, observed 

 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the Greek islands and the Peloponnesus : and Westward, described by 

 Lobel pi. 227, termed " jacobaea maritima" by Tournefort inst. 486, and known to grow on the seashore 

 of France (Pers.; see Anthemis nobilis). 



Verbesina saliva, of Abyssinia. A sunflower-like plant called in Hindustanee "kalatill," in Ben- 

 galee "ramtil," in Telinga "valesuloo" (Drur.); and the "kurthum hindi" yielding oil according to 

 Ebn Baitar, — may be compared: V. sativa was observed by Graham "commonly cultivated" on the 

 Deccan for " the oil it affords ; " by Roxburgh, and Royle, under cultivation in Bengal ; is known to 

 be also cultivated in Mysore, and the oil "from the larger seeds" according to Drury "is the common 

 lamp-oil of Upper India." Westward, was observed by Bruce trav. in Abyssinia, yielding an oil 

 employed throughout the country for domestic purposes (Grev ) : is termed "polymnia Abyssinica" by 

 the younger Linnaeus suppl. 3S3, "guizotia oleifera" by Decandolle prodr. 



Arnica montana of Subarctic climates. At Lahore called in Arabic "khanek-ul-zeib" (Honigb. 

 375. and J. F. Wats ) ; in which we recognize the " chanik eldsib " of Ebn Baitar : — A. montana is de- 

 scribed by Matthioli p. 51, Dalechamp p. 1169 (Spreng ), and Clusius hist. iv. pi. 18 ; is known to grow 

 from Lapland throughout Northern Europe (fl. Lapl. p. 305. and fl. Dan. pi. 63), and on mountains farther 

 South to the snow-limit on the Pyrenees and Swiss Alps (Brot, and Dec). Eastward, is known to grow 

 throughout Siberia, as far as the Yenisei river and Bering's Island (Gmel.). And farther East, was 

 observed by E. James along the Rocky mountains ; by Nuttall, on the Upper Missouri ; and is known 

 to grow on Melville Island in Arctic America, and in Greenland (Sab., and Hook.). According to 

 Lindley, "a virulent plant" that on the Continent has obtained the name of panacea lapsorum, its 

 activity " seems however to have been exaggerated." 



Solatium Forskalii of Yemen. Called there "bokaeme," in which we recognize the "bokkam " of 

 Ebn Baitar : — observed by Forskal p. 47 along the base of the mountains of Yemen. 



Solatium Arabicum of Yemen. Called there "bokaeme" or " bonkom," and possibly the "bok- 

 kam" of Ebn Baitar: — described by Forskal p. 47 as " horride armata," and observed by him along 

 the base of the mountains of Yemen. 



Solatium incanum of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen "aersaen" or "ersan," in which we 

 recognize the "arsam" mentioned by Ebn Baitar as a wild melongena growing in Yemen : S. inca- 

 num was observed there by Forskal p. 46, the smoke of the seeds employed against toothache, the 



