736 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



into Bengal, the only one by this route " during the period of authentic history." It was repelled by 

 the local authorities. 



Asparagus ascendent of Rohilcund. Affording according to Modeen Sheriff the genuine " sufed 

 mush," called on the Deccan " shakakul-hindi," and from early times used medicinally as a substitute 

 for and better than salep : — known to grow in Rohilcund (Waring pharm. ind. suppl.J, enumerated 

 by Drury. (See A. sarmentosus.) 



"1245, June 28th to July 17th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Thirteenth general ecclesiastical Council. 

 Assembled at Lyons. The emperor Fredericus II. was excommunicated, and his subjects absolved 

 from their allegiance. The " red cap " for cardinals, was at the same time instituted. 



"The same year" (Clavig. ii. and Humb. iii. 8), arrival of the Aztecs at Chapoltepec on the 

 Western shore of lake Tezcuco. 



Arachis hypogea of Eastern Equatorial America. The peanut called in Peru "anchic" (Monard.), 

 in Brazil " mandubi " (Marcgr.), in Mexico " cacauate " (Blanco), in the West Indies " mani " (J. Acost), 

 and cultivated from early times — (Humb. iv. 9) : the " mani " was seen in the West Indies or neigh- 

 bouring portion of Tropical America by Oviedo gen. hist. vii. 5, and J. Acosta; A. hypogea, by Lerius 

 215, and Marcgraf 37, in Brazil. By European colonists was carried Westward across the Pacific to 

 the Philippines, called in Tagalo "mani" (Blanco), and seen in 1693 by Kamel (Spreng.) ; to the 

 neighbouring islands and Japan (Rumph. v. 426) ; to China and Anam (A. Dec.) ; to Burmah, called 

 there " mya=-bai " (Mason) ; to Hindustan, having neither Sanscrit nor Bengalee names (Roxb., and 

 Pidd.) but called in Tamil " vayer or "nelay-cadalay," in Telinga "nela sanagalu," in Hindustanee 

 " moong-phullee," sometimes by colonists Manilla-nut (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " velaiti- 

 moong" or "boi-moong" (Graham), is now cultivated from Calcutta throughout the peninsula (Drur.), 

 was observed by myself abundantly cultivated on the Deccan; to Eastern Equatorial Africa (Lour. fl. 

 coch.j, observed by myself on Zanzibar, and according to some Unamuezi from N'yasa lake cultivated in 

 their own country, observed by Grant " cultivated to a small extent from 7 S. to 2° N." on the Nile ; 

 to Egypt, called there "foul sennar" Sennar bean (Clot-Bey). By European colonists also, was car- 

 ried before 1620 to Western Equatorial Africa (Purchas, Sloane i. 1M4. and Guillemin fl. seneg.) ; and 

 more recently to Northeast America, where in our Southern States it is now abundantly cultivated. 



" 1246 A. D." (Roux in rec. soc. geogr. i., and mem. Chin. v. p 2), an embassy to the Tartars 

 first sent by pope Innocentius IV. : Plan Carpin and Benedict of Poland crossing the Volga "April 

 8th" and continuing Northward of the Caspian reached the court near Karakarom. "July 22d," and 

 received an audience from the newly proclaimed khan Kavu or Cuiuc, a grandson of Jenghiz. The 

 journey proved the Caspian to be an inland sea, as already stated by Herodotus : — a conclusion con- 

 firmed a few years later by Rubruquis. 



"In this year (=^39 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Ala-u-din Masaud succeeded by Nasir-u-din 

 Mahmud, grandson of Altamsh and now eighth sultan of Delhi.* — -He reigned "twenty" years, 



Himalaya and the mountains and plains of Bengal and Central India" (Drur.) ; by Giberne, as far 

 South as "Salsette" (Graham), near Bombay. 



Rliazya strieia of Scinde. An excellent bitter tonic, from early times employed medicinally, 

 mixed with Withania berries: — observed- in Scinde by Stocks (Drur.). From transported speci- 

 mens, described by Decandolle. 



Hyoscyamus insanus of Beluchistan. Called there " kohi bung" mountain hemp (Drur.), and its 

 powerfully poisonous properties known from early times : — common, "smoked in small quantities, 

 and also employed for criminal purposes " (Waring pharm. inch, Stocks, and Drur.). 



Scopolia Inrida of Nepaul. Known from early times, — its bruised leaves emitting "a peculiar 

 tobacco-like odour, a tincture prepared from them " found to dilate the pupil (Braithwaite, and Drur.). 



U'it/iania cougu/ans of Beluchistan, Scinde, and the mountains of Affghanistan. A densely 

 tomentose shrub called in Scinde "puneer" (Drur.) ; and from early times, its fresh ripe fruit used as 

 an emetic, dried and employed for other medicinal purposes, and universally throughout Beluchistan 

 for coagulating milk : — observed by Stocks bomb. soc. 1849 (Wight pi. 1616, and Drur.). 



Salvia plebeia of Subtropical Hindustan. A purple-flowered sage ; its seeds from early times 

 used as mustard by the Hindus, employed also medicinally: — described by R. Brown prodr. 501 ; 

 observed by Roxburgh from Bengal to Silhet and Oude, by Dalzell 209 as far as Kandalla near 

 Bombay (Drur.). 



Salvia latiata of Northern Hindustan. From early times, its stems peeled and eaten, and its 

 leaves root and seeds employed medicinally : —described by Roxburgh, and observed by Stewart 

 punj. at Lahore. 



* Polanisia icosandra of Hindustan and Burmah. A Cleomaceous plant two or three feet high 

 called in Tamil "nayavaylie" or " nahi kuddaghoo," in Malabar " kat-kuddaghoo," in Hindustanee 



