OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



741 



sometimes used as a substitute for tea, and called in Tagalo " chachachachan " (Blanco) ; to Burmah 

 (Mason) ; to Hindustan, having no Sanscrit name (Pidd.), and confined to the Southern portion 

 (A. Dec); to Arabia, observed by Forskal p. 31 at Ghomfude on the Red Sea, and called "dfar" 

 (from Dhofar) ; to Eastern Equatorial Africa, observed by Grant " common in waste ground 5° i> S., 

 alt. 4000 ft." Also by European colonists was carried across the Atlantic to Western Equatorial 

 Africa (R. Brown cong. 58) ; to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer naturalized. 



"1250 A. D." (Humb. cosm.), Vincentius Bellovacencis or Vincent of Beauvais writing his 

 " Speculum naturale," an encyclopedic work. He had charge of the earliest public library in France, 

 founded by Louis IX. — (Pouchet), and died "in 1256" (Spreng.). 



The herring, Clupea, mentioned by Vincentius of Beauvais, and as salted for provision. — Salt- 

 ing of "alech " or herring, is also mentioned by Albertus Magnus. 



"Apr 5th" (Blair, and Marcel), after advancing to the head of the Delta, the crusaders again 

 defeated, obliged to capitulate, and leave Egypt. 



The death of Melek-Saleh (fixed to this year by an Arabic inscription on his tomb near Cairo, 

 Wilk. theb. and eg.) kept secret several months, was now declared ; his son Turan Schah becoming 

 the eighth Ayoubite sultan of Egypt. 



At the end of two months (Clot-Bey, and Marcel), the Memluks or military slaves, perceiving, 

 that they held their master's power in their own hands, put him to death and made one of their own 

 number sultan. The Institution was at the same time rendered permanent by continual purchases 

 of recruits from abroad. Ibek thus became the head of the Bahrite Memluk dynasty. A copper 

 coin issued by him, is figured in Marcel p. 158. 



" In or about this year" (Raffles ix. and x.), prince Haji Purwa returning from Hindustan, where 

 he had been converted to Mohammedanism. With an Arab companion he attempted to convert his 

 brother Munding Sari and others of the royal family of Java ; but proving unsuccessful and fearing a 

 tumult, he fled and "is believed to have found an asylum in Cheribon then an uninhabited wilder- 

 ness." The earliest mention of Mohammedanism in Javan history, the troubles leading to the removal 

 of the capital farther Westward where it retained the name Pajajaran. 



"In this year" (Crawfurd vii. u), colonists from Gilolo in the Moluccas settling in the island 

 of Ternate. 



"In this year" (Klapr. note to San-kokf), abdication of Ghi-fon in favour of Yei-so, of the 

 ancient royal family and now king of the Loo Choo Islands; the "fourth" of the Tame-tomo 

 dynasty. 



" In or about this year" (Humb. atl. pict.), in the reign of Nopaltzin king of the Chichimecs, the 

 culture of cotton and maize and the art of making bread, long neglected and in danger of being lost, 

 revived by a Toltec named Xiuhtlato. 



Nicotiana tabacum of Mexico. The most generally known species of tobacco called in Brazilian 

 "petume," in Carib "youly," in Mexican "quauhyeti" (Desc), and cultivated as early doubtless as 

 this date:* — following the coast of Honduras South, Columbus in 1502 observed natives on the 



* Nicotiana quadrivalvis of Oregon. A species of tobacco — cultivated according to Nuttall by 

 the natives along the Missouri, but on the Columbia probably indigenous: communicated to and 

 described by Pursh. 



Rhus copaliinum of North America. A species of sumach, its leaves from early times " used as 

 tobacco by the" tribes on "the Missouri and Mississippi" — (Pursh): "lentisci " were seen by Le 

 Moyne in 1564 in Florida : R. copallina, by Chapman from " Florida to Mississippi ; " by Baldwin at 

 31 ; by Michaux, in Carolina and Virginia; by Pursh, in New Jersey; by myself, from 38 to 43° 

 along the Atlantic; by Pitcher, on the Arkansas ; by Lewis and Clark ii. 136, on the Rocky mountains 

 and as far as the Pacific. 



Liquidambar styraciflua of Northeast America. The sweet-gum is a forest-tree exuding a fra- 

 grant resinous fluid, mingled with tobacco in smoking at the court of the Mexican emperors — 

 (Humb. iv. 10) : "a gume which bleedeth from a kind of maple," "not much unlike a balsome both 

 in sent and vertue," was observed by Newport on James river ; L. styraciflua grows wild within or 

 near the border of Mexico, is at least described by Hernandez 56 (Spreng.) ; was observed by Cabeza 

 de Vaca in Texas ; by Darby, on the Sabine ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by Chapman, " Florida 

 to Mississippi, and northward ; " by Baldwin, at Matanza in Florida; by Catesby ii. pi. 65, and Elliot, 

 in Carolina; by myself, as far as 41 , near New York city; by Eaton, more than a degree farther 

 North along the Hudson and Connecticut. According to F. A. Michaux, a very small quantity of 

 storax can be procured from the trunk by incision. 



Prosopis sp. of the Rio del Norte. The mezquite tree called " mezquiquez ; " and from early 

 times its flour rendered sweet and wholesome by mixing earth eaten by the natives : — the tree, with 



