742 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



shore making hostile demonstrations, "chewing herbs" and "spurting it towards" him (F. Columb. 

 88 to 108); " tabaco " and " fuente de betum " are described by Oviedo gen. hist. v. 2 to vi. 12; and 

 "petum" by Hieronymus Benzoni, who returned from the West Indies in 1556. Before the close 

 of the year, the living N. tabacum became known to Nicotius in Lisbon (Pers., and Spreng.) ; is 

 described somewhat later by Monardes, Lobel, and Camerarius ; was observed by Forskal, Delile, and 

 Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt; by Forskal, in Yemen; was introduced "in 1605" into Hin- 

 dustan (Royle him. 282), is cultivated abundantly in Guzerat and on the Deccan (Graham, and Drur.); 

 was observed by Mason in Burmah, called there "bsx- ; " by Blanco in various parts of the Philip- 

 pines ; and according to Thunberg, was introduced by the Portuguese into Japan. Directly or indi- 

 rectly through European colonists its cultivation has extended throughout the warmer parts of the 

 Globe, was witnessed by myself in Brazil, Peru, Australia, on a limited scale among the natives on 

 the Hawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan, and Tongan Islands, the manufactured article being in request even 

 among the Feejeeans. The custom that most prominently distinguishes modern society, was taught 

 by American tribes. 



Xkotiand rustici of Northern Mexico. A species of tobacco called on the Saco " pooke " (Jossel.), 

 on James river "apooke" (Strach.), on the Roanoke " uppowoc " (Har.), and from early times culti- 

 vated in Mexico (Humb. iv. 9) and in Northeast America : —clearly the species observed by Jacques 

 Cartier under cultivation by the natives along the St. Lawrence ; by Josselyn rar. 54 (near the mouth 

 of the Saco), "a small kind with short round leaves;" by Strachey on James river, bearing a little 

 yellow flower like henbane; by Hariot. 16, springing up spontaneously along the Roanoke and culti- 

 vated besides by the natives (figured by John With, De Bry i. pi.) : N. rustica has been observed by 

 myself, a weed in fallow ground in New England ; by A. Gray, in "old fields, from New York west- 

 ward and southward, a relic of cultivation by the Indians." Transported to Europe, is described by 

 Matthioli, Lobel, Cassalpinus viii. 44, and Gerarde 356; has become naturalized in middle Europe, 

 occurring in waste places from Paris to the South of France and Venice ; was observed by Delile, and 

 Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; and the " Syrian and Turkish tobaccos " according to Lindley 

 "are prepared from this species, which is much " milder than N. tabacum. 



Argemonc Mcxicana of Mexico. A prickly yellow-flowered Papaveraceous weed, widely diffused 

 among the American tribes as early perhaps as this date : — said to grow wild in unwooded moun- 

 tainous situations in Mexico (Pers., and Dec), observed in Northwestern Mexico by companions of 

 Beechey (A. Dec.) : in Northeast America, occurring in "waste places, not common" in our Middle 

 States (A. Gray), and "exotic" in South Carolina (Ell.) : probably an introduced weed only in Suri- 

 nam (Merian pi. 24), Brazil, Buenos Avres, Chili, and Peru (C. Gay, Hook, and myself). Spanish 

 colonists calling it "figo del inferno" (Grah., and Lindl.). Farther West, was carried by European 

 colonists across the Pacific to the Hawaiian Islands, observed there by myself ; to the Philippines, 

 called in Ylocano " casubhang aso" from resemblance to Cartlianms dcntatus (Blanco); to Java 

 (Blume) ; to the environs of Bombay, observed by Graham "common everywhere and in flower all 

 the year," by myself under cultivation on the Deccan, lamp-oil according to Gibson being extracted 

 by the natives from its seeds ; to Zanzibar, observed there by myself. Eastward from America, was 

 carried to Europe as early as 1593, when seeds were received from England by Camerarius (C. Bauhin 

 prodr.) ; is described by Ferrandus Imperatus S73 (Spreng.) ; was also carried across the Atlantic to 

 St. Helena, Senegal, Guinea, Austral Africa (Le Prieur, Thonning, Burch., and Sonn.), and to the 

 Mauritius Islands (Boj). 



" 1253 A. D." (voyag. Belg.), journeying Eastward across the Volga, Rubruquis on " Dec. 27th" 

 reached Karacaroum, near the frontier of China, and the seat of government of Mangou. khan of the 

 Tartars. Rubruquis found here an embassy from Hindustan, another from a Turkish sultan; and 

 among the population of the city, Nestorian Christians, Sarrasins or Muslims, Cathayan or Chinese 



fruit hanging like the carob, first seen by Cabeza de Yaca journeying Westward on approaching the 

 Rio del Norte. 



Opuntia sp. of Texas. Its fruit eaten by the natives from early times : — West of the Missis- 

 sippi, Cabeza de Yaca found the natives removing to another part of the country to eat prickly pears, 

 of the size of a hen's egg, vermilion and black in colour and of agreeable flavour', and for three 'months 

 have nothing else : the species commencing according to Darby at Natchitoches on the Red river, 

 may be compared ; as well as that seen by E. James at the base of the Rocky mountains, and said to 

 grow as far as Monterey. 



Gamassia Nuttaliii of the Upper Mississippi. Its onion-like bulb from early times eaten by the 

 native tribes — (A. Gray) : observed by Nuttall near the confluence of Huron river and Lake Erie, 

 also near St. Louis and on the Lower Ohio; by Short, near Lexington in Kentucky; by E. James, 

 and Pitcher, on the Arkansas ; and according to A. Gray grows in Wisconsin. 



