OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 743 



artisans, and even Europeans, most of them captives. He also procured here information respecting 

 China (mem. Chin. v. p. 4). 



Polygonum (Helxine) Tataricum of Central Asia. Called by the Tartars "dikusch," or by 

 Tartars and Russians " kyrlik " (Moritz.) : the \ L I U d g r 2l n U m sold according to Rubruquis at 

 Karacaroum, though rarely,* — may be compared: P. Tataricum was observed by Gmelin wild near 

 the Yenisei ; is known to occur throughout Siberia, and nearly naturalized in Russia (Ledeb.) ; and 

 according to Don fl. nep. p. 74 has been cultivated from time immemorial in Nepaul and on the con- 

 fines of China. Westward, has been carried to Britain, where it continues under cultivation and 

 sometimes springing up spontaneously, but not as yet naturalized (A. Dec). By European colo- 

 nists was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself under cultivation in Northern New 

 Hampshire. 



As early probably as this date (Kaswini lex. geogr.), the island of " Ramana in the China Sea" 

 described by Muhammed ben Zakarya Alrazi as containing people four span high and covered with 

 red down, living on trees, and their language like the notes of birds unintelligible (the Borneo orang). 



The great island of " Zanig " in the same vicinity described by Zakarya ben Muhammed ben 

 Khakan as containing white yellow and red parrots ; and a bird called " alhavari " talker, smaller 

 than a pigeon, white beneath with a black neck, red feet and yellow bill, and speaking more distinctly 

 than a parrot (the maina) . 



" In or about this year " (Blair), under the direction of Alphonso IX. king of Castile and Leon, 

 the Alphonsian astronomical tables composed by R. Ishak Aben Sid. 



1254 A. D. (= " 1 179 an. jav.," Raffles x.), Prabu Munding Sari succeeded by Munding Wangi, 

 now king of Java at New Pajajaran. 



"Dec. 12th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Innocentius IV. succeeded by cardinal Reinaldo de' Conti di 

 Segni, now Alexander IV., twenty-fifth pope. Alexander III. ruling Scotland. 



" 1255, Jan. 13th " (Nicol.), a synod in London. "Against the exactions of the Courts of Rome 

 and of England." — Two years afterwards, another synod was convened on the same subject. 



"The same year" (Alst.), at Adrianople, Joannes III. succeeded by Joannes IV. Theodoras, as 

 the legitimate Byzantine emperor. 



The " grotto-temple " at Mahamalaipur, on the Coromandel coast of Hindustan, said to have 

 been constructed in the "Thirteenth century" (Lubke and Lutrow).f 



* Polygonum (Helxine) emarginatum of Central Asia, An allied species cultivated with the 

 preceding and from time immemorial in Nepaul and on the confines of China (Don, and A. Dec), 

 and possibly the plant in question: — P. emarginatum does not appear to have been met with farther 

 West; but is attributed to China (Pers.) ; and from transported specimens is described by Roth 

 cat. i. p. 48. 



f Michelia Nilagirica of the mountains of Southern Hindustan. A Magnolioid tree, its hand- 

 some mottled timber from early times used in house-building: — observed by Wight (Drur.). 



Flacotirtia crenata of the mountains of Southern Hindustan. Its white very hard and dense 

 timber valued from earlv times : — according to Beddome pi. 78, and Drury, "common on the Neil- 

 gherries and Shevaroys." The " F. montana" called "attuck ka jhar," a thorny " middle-sized tree " 

 observed by Graham "on the Ghauts rare," its "fruit size of a crab apple eaten by the natives," may 

 be compared. 



Vateria Indica of Ceylon. Distinguished by its larger fruit and leaves (Drur.); and known from 

 early times. 



Dipterocarpus Indicus of South Canara. Known probably to the natives from early times, — ■ 

 but only "in 1S65 " discovered by Europeans (Drur.). 



Garcinia pedunculata of Southern Hindustan. A large Calophylloid tree called in Hindustanee 

 "tikul" or "tikoor" (Drur.); and its very large agreeably acid fruit known from early times : — 

 grouino- according to Roxburgh, and Wight, at Rungpore, the fleshy part of the fruit used by the 

 natives in curries and for acidulating water, dried slices retaining their quality for years (Drur.). 



Pterospermum rubiginosum of Southern Hindustan- A large Sterculioid tree called in Tamil 

 " kara-toveray " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its excellent timber used for building and other pur- 

 poses . observed by Wight, and Beddome, 'common in Tinnevelly, Wynaad, the Annamullays and 



western forests" (Drur.). 



Kleinhovia hospita of Tropical Eastern Asia, the Malayan archipelago, and as far as the Samoan 

 Islands. A Sterculioid tree called in Tagalo " tan-ag," in Bisaya " tanag " or " hamitanag," in Pam- 

 pan^o "panampat," in Ylocano " bitnong " (Blanco) ; and from early times, its leaves cooked and 

 eate'n, employed also medicinally : —growing according to Persoon, and Blanco, on the Philippines ; 

 observed by Rumphius iii. pi. 113 on Java and Amboyna (Pers.) ; by myself, from the Feejeean to 



