OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 747 



groves " in the backwater in Cochin ; " by Rottler, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as the Sunderbunds 

 or mouths of the Ganges, and used for fuel in Calcutta; by Mason, in Burmah. Westward, is 

 termed " bruguiera madagascariensis " by Decandolle. 



Cyperus bulbosus of the shores of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. Called in Tamil "shee- 

 landie," on the Coromandel coast " sheelandie arisee," in Telinga " pura-gaddi " and its root"puri 

 dumpa" (Drur.) ; and from early times, flour from this root eaten : — observed by Roxburgh, and 

 Wight, "in sandy situations near the sea on the Coromandel coast" (Drur.) ; is known to grow also 

 on Ceylon, and Westward in Southern Arabia (Retz, and Pers.). 



"The same year" (Abyss, chron., and M. Russell 151), in Abyssinia, through the interposition 

 of the monk Tecla Haimanout founder of the monastery of Devra Libanos, the line of Solomon 

 restored: the reigning monarch abdicating in favour of Icon Amlac, on condition that one-third of 

 the kingdom should be ceded for the maintenance of the church ; and in place of an Abyssinian abuna, 

 that the head of the church should always be named by the patriarch of Egypt. 



" 1256 A. D." (Danish Chronicle, and Relat. du Groenl. 190), Greenland revolting and refusing to 

 pay tribute to king Magnus of Norway, the Danish king Eric, who had married his daughter, sent a 

 fleet and enforced obedience : but would take no further advantage, — and the treaty of peace was 

 signed in Norway "in 1261 " by three leading Greenlanders, whose names are given by Angrimus 

 Jonas. 



" 1257 A. D." (art de verif.), Ibek succeeded by Nooreddin Ali, second Memluk sultan of Egypt. 



"In this year" (Klapr. mem. ii. 365), the remnant of the Ouigour in the country of Cha tcheou 

 subjugated by the Mongols. 



"The same year " (Crawf. ind. arch.), Chico, the first king or kolano of Ternate, reigning. 



" 1258, June 6th " (Nicol.), a synod at Merton. To defend the liberties of the church of England 

 "against the grant of a tenth, made by the pope to king Henry III." 



"The same year" (Desvergers, and Marcel), Bagdad captured by the Tartars under Hulagu, a 

 general of Mangu Khan, and the hereditary spiritual khalifate abolished. — At the end of three years 

 (Marcel), some members of the Abbassid family sought refuge in Egypt ; where one of them being 

 proclaimed khalif, the highest religious office among Muslims was continued. 



"The same year" (rudim. chron. Lond.), proclamation of king Henry III. to the people of 

 Huntingdonshire, the earliest specimen of the English language bearing a precise date. 



A tradition among the Senekas, that the fortifications " in their territory were raised by their 

 ancestors in their wars with the western Indians, three, four, or five hundred years ago. But their 

 uncertainty about the time," and "the total want of tradition respecting them " among other American 

 tribes, are circumstances tending to invalidate the testimony. 



Cucurbita polymorpha of Tropical or Subtropical North America. The squash, called by the 

 New England tribes " askutasquash " (R. Will.), and cultivated from early times : * — observed under 



* Mollugo vcrticillata of North America. A prostrate spreading weed, sometimes called carpet- 

 weed (A. Gray), known from early times to the natives : — observed by myself from about Lat. 44 

 frequent in waste and cultivated ground throughout our Middle States, but possibly indigenous in the 

 sands of the seashore ; by Chapman in our Southern States, in "cultivated ground common." West- 

 ward, was received by Hooker from the banks of the Columbia and the Northwest Coast; was 

 observed by Brackenridge, coming South with our land-party, on the Upper Sacramento near Shasty 

 mountain. Transported to Europe, is termed " planta mihi incognita Rauwolfii " by Jungermann 

 (Schmied. Geon. i. fig. cl), is described also by Plukenet mant. ix. pi. 332. 



Primus Chicasa of Arkansas and Texas. The Chicasaw plum, a small tree, said by the natives 

 to have been brought from the country West of the Mississippi — (Ell.) ; was observed by Nuttall, 

 and E. James, clearly indigenous along the Arkansas. De Soto on his way to Apalache found plums 

 growing in the fields without planting and better than those of Spain, and after reaching the Missis- 

 sippi met with " red" plums : Strachey on James river found among the natives fruit much like a 

 " damoizin " but of the taste and colour of cherries : P. Chicasa was observed by Baldwin from Lat. 

 30° in Florida, by J. Read at St. Augustine, by Chapman in " old fields forming thickets ; " by Walter, 

 Michaux, Elliot, and Schweinitz, in the Carolinas ; by Short, in Kentucky ; by myself, along the 

 Atlantic planted as far as Lat. 39°, and its cultivation increasing. 



Caulophyllum thalictroides of the Alleghanies and tributaries of the Ohio and St. Lawrence. 

 Called by the native tribes "co-hosh," and from early times "esteemed as a medicinal plant among 



them" (Pursh) : observed by myself on the White mountains and Berkshire hills ; by Darlington, 



and Conrad, not far from Philadelphia ; by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of Carolina ; by Short, in Ken- 

 tucky ; by Nuttall, in the States West of the Alleghanies ; and was received by Hooker from various 



parts of Canada. 



Actaea Americana of Northeast America. Called red and white " co-hosh," and from early times 



