748 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



cultivation by the natives by W. Wood, R. Williams, and Josselyn ; is known to have been cultivated 

 throughout our Middle and Southern States ; and by the natives in the West Indies, as appears from 

 Dalechamp pi. 616, and was seen by Chanvalon on Martinique (Poiret diet. nat. xi. 234). Trans- 



" considered by the natives as a valuable medicine" — (Pursh) : the red-fruited variety growing 

 according to Hooker from Hudson's Bay to 6o° on the Rocky mountains, according to A. Gray from 

 "New England to Penn. and Wisconsin;" observed by Lapylaie at 51 on Newfoundland; by 

 myself, as far South as 42 along the Atlantic; and by Mc Ewen, at Sacketts Harbor on Lake 

 Ontario. The white-fruited variety, by myself along the Atlantic as far North as 43 ; by Conrad at 

 40° ; by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of South Carolina (Chapm.) ; and according to A. Gray is " more 

 common southward, extending to Virginia and Kentucky ; " was received by Hooker from Lake 

 Huron. Transported to Europe, is described by Cornuti pi. 77. 



Dentaria diphylla of the Alleghanies and affluents of the Ohio and St. Lawrence. Its pungent 

 roots from early times "used by the natives instead of mustard" — (Pursh) ; observed by Michaux 

 from the Alleghanies of Carolina to Tennessee ; by Pursh, "in shady beech-woods, on high moun- 

 tains, Pennsylvania to Carolina ; '' by Drummond, on the Alleghanies and at St. Louis, was received 

 by Hooker from Lake Huron ; and according to A. Gray, grows from " Maine to Kentucky." 



Psoralen esculenta of the Upper Missouri. The bread-root of the native tribes, from early times 

 eaten either crude or cooked, and stored besides "for winter use " — (.Ph. and Nutt.) : observed by 

 Lewis and Clark " on the banks of the Missouri ; " by Bradbury and Nuttall, " a few miles from St. 

 Louis " on high hills near the Merimek, also "on the elevated plains of the Missouri," and called by 

 Canadian boatmen " pomme de prairie." 



Galium tinctorium of Northeast America. From early times used by the native tribes to " dye 

 their feathers, porcupine quills, and other ornaments, of a beautiful red " — (Ph. and Nutt.) : the 

 plant does not seem well known to botanists, but is regarded as distinct from G. trifidum by Linnsus, 

 Decandolle, and Pursh ; was observed by Torrey as far North as 41 on the Hudson ; by Schweinitz, 

 at 36° in Upper Carolina ; and by Short, in Kentucky. 



Bidens bipinnala of North America. A weed called Spanish needles (A. Grav), known to the 

 native tribes from early times : — observed by Torrey as far North as Lat. 41 ° ; by myself, multiplying 

 in clearings and cultivated ground in our Middle States; by Schweinitz, and Elliot, in Carolina; by 

 Chapman, in "cultivated grounds common;" by Baldwin, as far as 29" in Florida ; by Short, at Lex- 

 ington in Kentucky; by Nuttall, and Pitcher, on the Arkansas. By European colonists, was carried 

 Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, observed by Blanco in two localities, but remaining 

 unknown to the natives; is perhaps the "agrimonia moluccana" of Rumphius vi. pi. 15, and "b. Wal- 

 lichii" seen by Mason in Burmah, by Roxburgh in Hindustan, and by Graham "a very common 

 annual" in the outskirts of Bombay: was also carried across the Atlantic to Guinea (fl. Ni.gr). 

 Transported to Europe, is described by Zanoni 32 in 1675; somewhat later by Morison vi. pi. 7; 

 by Gouan, as growing in the open air ; and has since become a troublesome weed in the Tyrol 

 (A. Dec). 



Solanum nigrum of North America and the West Indies. A low herb with black nauseous 

 inedible berries, known as a weed from early_ times : — was in New England before 1670, as appears 

 from Josselyn ; observed by myself along the Atlantic in waste and cultivated ground from Lat. 43 

 to 33 ; by Chapman, from "Florida to Mississippi;" by Nuttall, along the Arkansas and the Mis- 

 souri to its source ; was received by Hookerfrom the Saskatchewan and Hudson's Bay ; and observed 

 by myself on the banks of the Upper Sacramento prior to visits of settlers. In the West Indies, was 

 received by Torrey from Key West; and the "yerua mora'o solatrum " supposed by Oviedo to be 

 identical with that of Spain, may be compared. By European colonists, S. nigrum was carried to 

 Bermuda (Baldw.) ; to Britain, observed by Josselyn, and the garden nightshade ox petty morel (Prior) 

 having according to Lindley the berries "black;" also to Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 460, and Fries 16. 

 See S. miniatum). 



Arislolochia serpentaria of Northeast America. The Urania snake-root, from early times "so 

 very highly" esteemed by the native tribes, — and subsequently by the colonists (Ph.) : observed by 

 Catesby 1. pi. 29 in Virginia; by Chapman, from "Florida to Mississippi;" bv Elliot, in South Caro- 

 lina; by Croom, near Newbern ; by Darlington, frequent at 40° on the Brandywine ; by Torrey, as 

 far as 41 on the Hudson ; by Short, in Kentucky ; by Nuttall, in Arkansas ; and according to A Gray, 

 grows from " Connecticut to Indiana." Transported to Europe, is described by Gerarde S4S and 

 Plukenet phyt. pi. 223 f. 2 and aim. p. 53 ; and continues in medicinal use "as a stimulant, tonic, 

 diaphoretic, and in certain cases as an antispasmodic and anodyne " (Lindl.). 



Panicum capillare of the Hawaiian Islands? A coarse annual grass, from early times known 

 as a weed in Northeast America :- observed by Michaux 48; by myself, frequent in waste and 



