756 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



" 1-77, about April" (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople, and a profession of faith "made, con- 

 formable to that of the church of Rome." Another synod "July i6th,"andthe opponents of the union 

 of the two churches excommunicated. . . 



" Nov. 25th " (Alst, and Nicol.), Joannes XXI. succeeded by cardinal John Gaetan Orsim, thirty- 

 second pope. . . . 



" Towards the end of the Thirteenth century " (Spreng.), Pier Crescenzio writing. 



"The same year" (art de verif.), Beybars succeeded by Barakah-Khan, fifth Memluk sultan of 



§> "The same year " ( Steinschneid. iii. 27 ), date of the Toledo manuscript of the Hebrew bible : — 

 now registered as " cod. Rossi 782." 



"1278 A. D. = ' tsiang-hing,' 1st year of Tiping, of the Soung" or Twenty-first dynasty — 



(Chinese chron. table). 



•' April 9th " (Nicol.), a synod at Compiegne. " Against the chapters of cathedrals, who assumed 

 the right of imposing an interdict on towns for the preservation of their liberties." 



"The same year" (Blair), Ottogar king of Bohemia defeated and slain in battle by the army of 

 Rodolph of Hapsburg. 



"The same year" (Marc. Pol. 149), in China, two churches built at " Cinghianfu" by Marsarchis, 

 a Nestorian Christian appointed governor of that city. — A Nestorian church was seen by Marco Polo 

 in Ouinsai ; and another on his way there at " Cascar" (Cashgar) in Central Asia. 



"in a tract published in this year (....), gunpowder described by Roger Bacon. But according 

 to Pouchet, the composition is "first mentioned" by Albertus Magnus mirab. mund. ; and is also 

 described by Marcus Gra^cus. Having been long known in China, the manufacture may have been 

 brought from that country:— but the application to casting projectiles in warfare, appears to have 

 been made in Europe. Cannon were used in 1346 in the battle at Crecy (Pouchet); and "harque- 

 buses " or portable fire-arms, are mentioned by the traveller Brocquiere. 



The continuance of the deck language in certain parts of Italy, shown by the following words of 

 Roger Llacon comp. stud. phil. vi., " Nor would it be much, for the sake of the great advantage of 

 learning Greek, to go to Italy, where the clergy and the people in many places are purely Greek." — 

 I was informed at Naples, of a district at the Southeastern extreme of Italy, where Greek is to this 

 day spoken. 



Magnifying lenses also described by Roger Bacon. — Jordanus de Rivalto in " 1305," speaks of 

 spectacles having been invented "twenty years" before: and a manuscript of "1298" mentions 

 "occhiali" (Pouchet). 



Roger Bacon iurther speaks of the possibility of making an instrument for walking in safety at 

 the bottom of the water, the diving-bell : and mentions bismuth and mauganne; and an inextinguish- 

 able fire, regarded by Jourdan as phosphorus (Pouchet). 



" 1279 A. D." (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 350), end of the Soung dynasty, Ti-ping being 

 the last native Chinese emperor. Khoubilai-Khan now ruler of all China.* 



" May 4th" (Nicol), a synod at Beziers. The archbishop of Narbonne deputed to proceed "to 

 the next parliament in France, To complain of the encroachment of the secular over the ecclesiastical 

 power." Also, a synod at Avignon " May 1 7th," " Against the usurpation of ecclesiastical property, 

 violence committed against the clergy, and contempt of excommunications." 



"November" (Blair), in England, the passage of Mortmain act ; making estates inalienable. 

 "The same vear " (art de verif.), Barakah-Khan succeeded by Salamesch ; and before the close 

 of the year, by Kalaoon, seventh Memluk sultan of Egypt. Kalaoon proved almost the only Muslim 

 ruler of Egypt who founded charitable institutions (Wilk. theb. and eg.) : and during his reign, a 

 great impulse was given to the erection of buildings of every description in Cairo (Clot-Bey x,v. 30). 

 A coin issued at Aleppo by Kalaoon, is figured in Marcel p. 168. 



The Big mound, near New Madrid on the Mississippi, found to contain a chamber which "seems 



* Lagers/roemia Indica of the mountains of Southeastern China. The "pe-ge-hong" that fol- 

 lowed the court to Pekin, — according to the description by Cibot (mem. Chin, iii.), is this flowering 

 shrub: — the "pe-ge-hong" is also mentioned by the author of the Fong-ouen-tsi-kouan, and came 

 "from the mountains of Fou-kien." In Japan, L. Indica was seen by Cleyer iii. 5. 6 (Spreng.). 

 Kaempfer v. p. 855 ; and by Thunberg, growing in the open air, and called " sibi " and "fakudsitkva" 

 and " fakusinda." The shrub occurs also in Cochinchina (Pers.) ; according to Mason, is "exotic ' 

 in Burmah ; and is admitted to be also exotic in . . . (Rumph. vii. pi. 2S), and Hindustan (Roxb., 

 Wight, and Graham). From Europe, was introduced into the greenhouses of North America, where 

 it has become frequent. 



