OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



757 



to have been built by putting up poles, like rafters * in the roof of a house," with human bones on the 

 floor, also a pipe, and earthen jars, some surmounted by the figure of a human head, while others in 

 neighbouring mounds had a long narrow neck (G. C. Swallow in rep. Peabody mus. 1875). 



" 1280 A. D." (Wilk. theb. and eg.), the "morostan" or hospital at Cairo, founded by Kalaoon. 

 The building is attached to his mosque and tomb. 



"April" (Nicol.), a synod at Bourges. The clergy were forbidden "to exercise many trades 

 therein enumerated." 



"The same year" (Pauth. 359, in 1281 according to Kaempfer, compare Marc. Pol. 159), unsuc- 

 cessful expedition of Khoubilai-Khan against " Zipungu " or Japan. — The abundance of gold in Japan, 

 is mentioned by Marco Polo ; who further describes both the Japanese and Chinese idols as many- 

 handed (and therefore Braminical, contrary to the general impression). 



" 1281, Feb. 22d" (Alst, and Nicol.), Nicolaus III. succeeded by cardinal Simon de Brie, now 

 Martinus II., thirty-third pope. 



" December " (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. Complaint made " of religious mendicants, who preached 

 and heard confessions." 



" In this year" (Mason in beng. asiat. soc. xxxvii), the "red city of Toungoo founded by a Karen 

 jointly with two Burmans." 



" 1282, A. D." (Pauth. 360), arrival in China of an ambassador from the "kingdom of Kulang ; " 

 bringing to Khoubilai-Khan "precious stones," and "black apes" ( . . . ). 



" March 30th, Easter day" (Alst., and Blair), " Sicilian Vespers : " the massacre of all the French 

 residing in Sicily, "eight thousand" in number; Peter III. ruling Arragon and Naples. — The dis- 

 continuance in most parts of Europe of a beautiful religious rite may have some connexion; the 

 " Oraciones " witnessed by myself only in Peru. 



" Dec. nth " (Blair), prince Lewellyn of Wales defeated and slain in battle by the army of king 

 Edward: — in the following year, Wales united to England. 



" The same year " (Nicol.), a synod at Saintes. Complaint made by the bishop, " That the bodies 

 of excommunicated persons were interred in the churchyards." 



"1283, January" (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. The patriarch Joannes Veccus "con- 

 demned by the schismatics." And in another synod "on the morrow of Easter," all the bishops 

 "concerned in the union of the two churches were condemned." 



"The same year" (Alst.), Michael VIII. succeeded by his son Andronicus II. Palaeologus, 

 sixty-second Byzantine emperor. 



Journeying Eastward, Marco Polo 21. describes Turkey carpets as "le souran tapis dou monde 

 e li pius biaus." — The pieces exported from Hindustan under the name of " Persian rugs," I was 

 assured by Arabs at Muscat, are "brought from Constantinople." 



The " rat de faraon " mentioned by Marco Polo 69. and 216. as eaten in Tartary, is clearly the 

 brown rat, Mus decumanus : — well known to be eaten by the Chinese of the present day. Eastward 



* Ulmus fulva of Northeast America. The slippery elm . some of the above rafters "probably 

 of. elm " — (G. C. Swall.) : the Narragansets informed R. Williams of a tribe " between three and four 

 hundred miles west" who lived on the bark of trees (hist. coll. iii. 209) : U. fulva has been observed 

 by myself from Lat. 47 on the Lower St. Lawrence to 42 in Western New England ; by Pursh, from 

 Canada to Pennsylvania; according to A. Gray, is "common from Western New England to Wiscon- 

 sin and Kentucky," and has " tough reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark ; " was observed 

 by Michaux on the Alleghanies (Pers ), by F. A. Michaux in Canada and the United States, but not 

 in the maritime portion of Carolina and Georgia; by Chapman, in "rich woods, West Florida, and 

 northward;" by Darby 77, to 31 in Louisiana; by Beck, near the mouth of the Missouri; and by 

 Say on Long's Exp., as far as 49 on Red river of Lake Winnipeg. 



Arundinaria macrosperma of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The North American reed 

 or catte, crowing in widely-extended beds or tracts called canebrakes, and from early times furnishing 

 arrows : a lathing of split cane was placed on the above rafters — (G. C. Swall.) : West of the mouths 

 of the Mississippi, Cabeza de Vaca found the arrows of the natives of hard cane (transl. B. Smith) ; 

 and those on the Roanoke according to Hariot were of " arundine " (De Bry i.) : A. macrosperma 

 is known to grow along the Atlantic as far as Lat. 37 (A. Gray) ; was observed by Schweinitz 

 in 36° ; by Chapman, from " Florida to North Carolina ; " by N. A. Ware, in Florida, and is known 

 to °tow as f ar as 2 9° ! D y Michaux, on the Mississippi (Pers.) ; by myself, on the Kentucky shore 

 of the Lower Ohio ; by Nuttall, from about Lat. 39°, from Sandy river in Ohio and Kaskaskias on 

 the Mississippi to the Arkansas above Verdigris, L'eau Bleu on Red river, and the Gulf; by E. 

 James, on the Canadian branch of the Upper Arkansas ; its absence from the Missouri was remarked 

 by Baldwin. 



