OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 76 1 



" From this year " (Blair), " a regular succession of English parliaments." 



About this time, or according to some writers, four centuries earlier (Blair), the " motion of trepi- 

 dation " or the variation of the sun's declination, discovered by the Arabian astronomer Thebit-ben- 

 Corah. 



The following plants known from early times to the natives of Florida, Platanthera ciliaris their 

 "rattle snake's master," the root employed both internally and externally. 



Of the fragments of pottery, arrow-heads, and other implements of stone and bone in the rubbish- 

 heaps of Florida, some as early probably as this date.* 



Quercus virens of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The live oak, a large tree growing in 

 the vicinity of the sea, known to the natives from early times : — "evergreen oaks" were seen by 

 Cabeza de Vaca on the North shore of the Mexican Gulf: O. virens was observed by Catesby i. pi. 

 16, and Elliot, in Carolina ; by F. A. Michaux, from Lat. 37 to 30° and along the Gulf to and beyond 

 the mouths of the Mississippi ; by Darby, not North of 30 22' on the Lower Mississippi, nor West 

 of the Sabine ; by N. A. Ware, and Chapman, in Florida; and by Bartram, as far as 28°. Its timber 

 is highly valued fur ship-building. 



Yucca aloifolia of the seashore from North Carolina to Florida and Vera Cruz. The generic 

 name aboriginal, — but the plant called by colonists Spanish bayonet (A. Gray) : Y. aloifolia is known 

 to grow near Vera Cruz and on Jamaica (Pers.) ; was observed by Baldwin at 29 in Florida; by 



* Andromeda (Leucothoe) acuminata of Carolina and Florida. A shrub with a hollow stem, 

 from early times "used by the natives for making their pipe-stems" — (Pursh) : observed by Bar- 

 tram catal., and Michaux, in Florida; by Walter, and Elliot, in Carolina; by Schweinitz, and Curtis, 

 as far North as 36" 



Zamia puinila of Florida. The coontie is a low palmetto-like plant, its trunk yielding the 

 '■ kun-ti hat-ki " white bread, prepared by the Seminoles from early times — (Fontaneda transl. B. 

 Smith, and Laudonn.) : Z. pumila was observed by Baldwin, and N. A. Ware, commencing at 

 Lat 30 ; by Chapman, in "low grounds South Florida," and Florida arrow 1 oot procured from its 

 trunk; is known to grow also in Domingo (Pers.). Transported to Europe, is described by the 

 younger Linnaeus, and Jacquin rar. iii. pi. 635. The Zamia of the Bahamas, furnishing according to 

 Lindley " one of the best kinds of arrow root," may be compared. 



Stnilax pseudo-china of Carolina and Florida. Called on the Roanoke •' tsinaw " (Hariot), and 

 from early times bread made by the natives from its tuberous rootstock ; also in Florida, the "kun-ti 

 tsah-ti " red bread of the Seminoles — (B. Smith edit. Fontan): S. pseudo-china was observed by 

 Sloane i. pi. 143 on Jamaica (Pers.) ; by Chapman, in " woods and thickets, Florida, and Northward ; " 

 by Walter 245, and Elliot, as far as the Santee ; and the " tsinaw " of the Roanoke is described by 

 Hariot as the root of a briar similar to china-root used for making bread (De Bry i. 17). Trans- 

 ported to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. no (Lindl.). 



Pachyma cocos of the alluvial Atlantic border of North America. The tuckaho is a large hard- 

 crusted fungus growing underground in sandy pine-barrens ; and a root like the truffle and sweet, 

 eaten from early times by the Seminoles, — is mentioned by Fontaneda: the " okeepenauk," a round 

 root as large as a man's head, found by Hariot eaten crude by the natives on the Roanoke (De Bry i), 

 may also be compared : and the " tockowhough " of the natives on James river is enumerated by 

 Strachey: P. cocos is described by Schweinitz, as observed by him in Carolina; and is known to 

 grow as far North as 40° in peninsular New Jersey. 



Pinus tceda of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The loblolly or old-field pine, a lofty tree, 

 known to the natives from early times, — and probably the "pines " seen by Cabeza de Vaca on the 

 North shore of the Mexican Gulf: "abietes " large and lo.ty for masts of ships, were seen by Hariot 

 on the Roanoke: P. taeda was observed by F. A. Michaux from Lat. 38° throughout the maritime 

 portion of North Carolina; by Pursh, from Virginia to Florida; by Elliot, in South Carolina and 

 Georgia; by Chapman, in Florida, having "valuable but sparingly resinous wood;" by Darby, on 

 Pearl river, and to Lat. 30 on the Mississippi. 



Sabal Adausoni of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The dwarf palmetto, known to the 

 natives from early times; — clearly the "dwarf palmettos like those of Castile" seen by Cabeza 

 de Vaca on the North shore of the Mexican Gulf, and the "palmitoes upon low palm trees like those 

 of Andaluzia" seen by De Soto in Florida: S. Adansoni is termed "chamaerops acaulis " by Michaux 

 i. 207 ; was observed by Elliot on the sea-islands of Carolina and Georgia; by N. A. Ware, in Flo- 

 rida; by Chapman, ' in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina," its "stem short, buried in 

 the earth ; " by Nuttall, not North of 33 on the Mississippi ; and by Darby, in Opelousas. Trans- 

 ported to' Europe, is described by Guernsent soc. philom. lxvii. pi. 25, and Jacquin hort. iii. pi. 8 

 (Pers.). ^ 



