OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 763 



but by a different method from the Chinese. Of three religions, Budhism was the most flourishing ; 

 the other two are described as peculiar. The natives did not bury their dead, but exposed them to 

 beasts and birds of prey ; the custom of burning the dead being confined to the descendants of Chi- 

 nese emigrants. 



Soja hispida of Japan. Enumerated by the Chinese official 141 as unknown in Cambodia : — 

 "miso" beans are mentioned in 1444 in the annals of the Japanese emperors (transl. Tits, and Klap- 

 roth) ; were observed by Kaempfer v. 837, and Thunberg, under frequent cultivation near Nagasaki 

 and elsewhere ; are known to be made into the condiment called " soia " (Pers.) in English soy; 

 also into a white porridge in general use among the Chinese and called by them " teu hu " or " tauhu " 

 (Loureir.). Westward, S. hispida was observed by Mason in Burmah ; by Roxburgh, and Graham, 

 in the gardens of Hindustan. Transported to Europe, is described by Jacquin rar. pi. 145. 



Garciuia elliptica of the Siamese countries. One of the two trees yielding gamboge and called 

 in Burmah " tha-nat-dau " (Mason) : the " kiang-hoang" resin found according to the Chinese official 

 among trees in Cambodia — is referred by Remusat to the " hoang-kiang " or gamboge: the "ossa- 

 reh-rewund " rhubarb juice of Persian medical writers, is also referred here by Royle : G. elliptica, 

 described by Wallich, is regarded by Mason as probably a species growing South of the Tavoy river 

 in Burmah and ascertained by him to yield gamboge. In Europe, gamboge was first made known by 

 Clusius, who " in 1603 " received specimens by the way of Amsierdam from China (Pereir.): its use 

 as a pigment and medicine has since become general, and specimens were seen by Rouyer in the 

 drug-shops of Egypt. 



Urtica (Boehmeria) nivca of Subtropical China and Japan. China-grass or nettle-hemp is called 

 in Bengal '■ kunkhoora," in Assam " rheea " (Royle), in Burmah " gwon " (Mason), and in Malay 

 " ramee " ( . . . ) : the " tchu " was unknown in Cambodia when visited by the Chinese official ; 

 — the '■ tchou-ma " of the Imperial treatise on Agriculture Ixxviii. 3 is referred here by Stanislas 

 Julien, is mentioned also in the Nong-tching-tsiouen-chou general treatise on Agriculture : B. nivea 

 is described by Rumphius v. pi. 79; was observed by Loureiro in Anam and China, often cultivated ; 



unknown in Cambodia, — is referred here by Remusat. C. striatum was observed by Thunberg pi. 9 

 in Japan. 



Neplieliuni litchi of Cambodia and the Philippines. A tree called in Tagalo '■ alpai " or " alipai " 

 or "alupai " or " lechias " (Blanco) ; and the " li-tchi " fruit of Cambodia was found by the Chinese 

 official agreeing in shape with that of China but sour : — the " plums " met with on the Philippines by 

 Mendoza are referred to the li-tchi by Navarrete, who found trees wild on the Batam mountains near 

 Manila, the fruit inferior to that produced in China, where it is accounted "queen of fruits;" N. 

 litchi was observed by Blanco wild on the Philippines, and a variety resembling that of China grow- 

 ing on mountains ; by Loureiro, in Anam ; by Nieuhoff, Osbeck, and Sonnerat pi. 129, in these or the 

 neighbouring countries. By European colonists, was carried to Burmah, where according to Mason 

 v. 448 the trees -'bore their first fruit last year ; " to Bengal, where it has been successfully culti- 

 vated (Mason) ; to the environs of Bombay, observed " in gardens " by Graham ; to Zanzibar, 

 brought it was said in " an American ship from Sumatra," the trees at the time of my visit bearing 

 fruit. 



Citrus toroia of the Philippines. The double-leaved citron is called in Burmah " shouk pouk " 

 (Mason), in Tagalo " suha " (Blanco) ; and the orange of Cambodia was found by the Chinese official 

 agreeing in shape with that of China (C. aurantium) but sour : — C. torosa was observed by Blanco 

 frequent in woods on the Philippines, the petiole wider than the leaf, the fruit exceedingly acid and 

 not eaten, one variety called " colobot " used by the natives in bathing; was observed also in the 

 environs of Manila by Mr. Rich ; by Mason v. 453 to 760 " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated as far 

 North as Tavoy Lat. 14 , its fruit small, one variety "with a smooth, and another with a rough skin." 

 Eastward from the Philippines, a "wild orange suitable for making lemonade" was observed by 

 Labillardiere on Waygiou (near New Guinea) ; C. torosa was observed by myself on the Feejeean 

 and Samoan Islands, aboriginally introduced and now naturalized, a low tree with orange-like fruit, 

 but two-thirds of the diameter rind, the contained pulp intensely acid and found by Mr. Rich used 

 by the natives in "washing their hair," the leaves in drying separate from the stem and also become 

 disjointed. 



Jasminum arborescens of Tropical Eastern Asia. A small tree with large white fragrant flowers 

 called in the environs of Bombay " koond " (Graham) ; and the " jasmin des Indes " enumerated by 

 the Chinese official among the fragrant flowers worn by the king of Cambodia, — may be compared: 

 J. arborescens is termed " nyctanthes grandiflora " by Loureiro, as observed by him in Anam. West- 

 ward, is described by Roxburgh i. 95 ; was observed by Lush in the vicinity of Bombay, at " Dapoo- 

 ree, introduced from China" (Graham). 



