OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 767 



" 1307 A. D." (Blair), beginning of the association of the Swiss cantons. 



"The same year" (Nicol), a synod at Sis in Armenia. "To cement the union between the 

 churches of Armenia and Rome." 



"The same year" (Alst), end of the chronicle of Siffridus Presbyter. 



" 1308 A. D. (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Nidsio II. succeeded by Fannasono, younger brother 

 of Fusimi II., and now ninety-fourth dairo of Japan. 



"The same year = 'tchi-ta,' 1st year of Wou-tsoung, of the Youan" or Twenty-second dynasty 

 (Chinese chron. table). By order of Wou-tsoung. the Hiao-king of Confucius, a treatise on filial piety, 

 was translated into the Mongul language — (Pauth.). 



The power of the Lamas and Lamaism increasing in China : a religion "founded on the idea of 

 the continued incarnation of Budha in the person of the Grand lama"— (Remusat, and Pauth. p. 367 

 and 378). In regard to the forms of the religion, Hue and Gabet found the Budhists coinciding with 

 the Catholics in the "crosier, mitre, dalmatica, cope or pluvial, double-choired liturgy, psalmody, exor- 

 cisms, censer, benedictions, rosary, ecclesiastical celibate, spiritual retreats, worship of saints, fasts, 

 processions, holy water." (H. Yule in soc. Hakl.). 



"The same year" (Alst., Blair, and Nicol.), removal of the French pope Clement V. from Rome 

 to Avignon in France. And Albertus of Austria succeeded by Henricus VII., as emperor of Germany 

 and Italy. — Avignon continued the seat of the papacy "seventy" years 



"In this year" (Danish chron., and Relat. du Groenl. 205), fearful thunder in Greenland and a 

 church called Skalholt burned by lightning, the storm accompanied with " broken rocks " and great 

 quantities of ashes (the result apparently of some volcanic eruption). 



" 1309 A. D." (Wilford as. res. ix. 178), end of the Vansavali, a list of the kings of Guzerat. 



The aboriginals of Virginia •' conceaved not to have inhabited" the low country below the falls 

 of James river "much more than three hundred years " (Strachey 33) : and some of the fragments of 

 pottery, as well as arrow-heads and other implements of stone or bone contained in rubbish-heaps on 

 tributaries of the Chesapeake and Delaware, as early probably as this date.* 



* Liriodendron tulipifera of Northeast America. The tulip-tree, improperly called "poplar" or 

 "white poplar," known to the natives from early times: — the "white-poplar" was seen by Strachey 

 on James river • L. tulipifera is known to grow from the Connecticut river and 4 \° on Lake Champlain 

 (F. A. Mx., and Eat.). Westward and Southward ; has been observed by myself along the Atlantic 

 as far as 39° ; by Catesby i. pi. 4S, in South Carolina, and by Chapman in " low grounds Florida," 

 though according to F. A. Michaux rare in the maritime portion of Carolina, Georgia and Florida : by 

 myself, abounding on the Ohio and Wabash ; by Nuttall, not on the Arkansas nor lower down the 

 Mississippi than 35 ; but was seen by Darby on the Washita and at Baton Rouge. Transported to 

 Europe, is described by Hermann lugd. 613 (Spreng), Trew, and Miller ; and by European colonists, 

 was carried to Madeira (A. Dec). 



Podophyllum pel/alum of Northeast America. The may-apple is a vernal woodland herb, its 

 fruit eaten from eaYly times : — " certain e ground aples a pleasant fruite" were seen by Newport on 

 James river; and the "mandrake" is enumerated by Josselyn 2d voy. 77 as "very rare" and "found 

 in the woods about Pascataway : " P. peltatum is known to grow as iar as 44 along the Atlantic and 

 46 on the St Lawrence (Hook.) ; has been observed by myself from 43° to 38°; by Elliot, in 

 South Carolina ; by Chapman, in " Florida and northward ;" by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by Beck, 

 near St. Louis ; and was received by Hooker from Lake Huron. Transported to Europe, is described 

 by Trew pi. 29. 



Sangitinaria Canadensis of Northeast America. The bloodroot, another vernal woodland herb, 

 is sometimes called by the Virginia natives "puccoon" (Clayt.), but " musquaspenne " — as heard by 

 Strachey, who describes its root as of the bigness of a finger and red as blood, withering in drying to 

 almost nothino-, but used by the natives on James river to paint mats and other articles : S. Canadensis 

 is known to grow "throughout Canada" (Hook.), from at least 47° ; has been observed by myself 

 along the Atlantic from 43 to 38 ; by Schweinitz, at 36 ; by Catesby i. pi. 24, and Elliot, in South 

 Carolina; by Michaux, from Canada to Florida; by Chapman, in "Florida and northward," and by 

 Croom as far as 30° 30' ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas, and by E. James at the lead mines of Missouri. 

 Transported to Europe, is termed "chelidonium maximum Canadense " by Cornuti 212. 



Batschia canesccus of the Ohio and its tributaries. The puccocn, called by the natives on James 

 river "pocones," "a small roote that groweth in the mountaines," dried and used medicinally as well 

 as to paint their heads and garments — (Strachey) : B. canescens is termed "anchusa floribus sparsis 

 caule o-labro" by Gronovius p. 24 as seen by Clayton in Virginia; was observed by Michaux on the 

 Tennessee ; by Elliot, in the upper district of Carolina; by Nuttall, and Pitcher, on the Arkansas ; 

 and according to A. Gray grows from Western New York to Kentucky and Wisconsin. 



Batschia Carolinensis of Northeast America. An allied species — not known to be used for 



