OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 773 



posing his history of the rulers of Cathay. Japan is described under the name of " Djemen kou " 

 (Klapr. note to ann. Jap.). 



Raschid-eddin speaks of "a kind of stone" in China "which is used instead of fire-wood" — 

 (Yule cath. 261), obviously mineral coal. 



"In this year (= 710 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Cafur sent against the Belal raja of Carnata. 

 Marching by Deogiri (Dowlatabad) he captured Dwara Samudra the capital, put an end to the dynasty 

 of Belal, and reduced the territory as far as the seacoast, where he built a mosque at Adam's Bridge 

 opposite Ceylon. — The mosque continued standing in the days of Ferishta. 



"131 1, Oct. 16th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Fifteenth general, ecclesiastical Council. Assembled at 

 Vienne in France. Among other acts, The oaths of princes were declared to be " non subjectionis 

 sed fidelitatis, not of subjection but of fidelity." — In a second session "Apr. 3d," the Order of 

 knights Templars was suppressed by the pope, " reserving to the church the disposal of their persons 

 and possessions." 



Franciscus of Piedmont may have been at this time writing. He quotes Arnaldus, Asirnius, 

 Gualterius, and Egidius. 



Scabiosa arvensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "kouphola- 

 hanon," in Britain with other species scabious, in medieval Latin "scabiosa" (Prior), in France 

 "scabieuse" (Nugent), in which we recognize the SC^blOSe of Franciscus Pedemontium f. 241, 

 — Urbanus (Trag.), and J. J. de Manliis, regarded as a remedy for all who are " raudig " or " grindig" 

 itchy or mangy (Brunswyck, and Prior) : S. arvensis is termed " s. pratensis hirsuta quae officinarum " 

 by Tournefort inst. 465 ;■ and is known to grow in meads and cultivated ground throughout middle 

 Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. iv. pi. 13, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, 

 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus. 



"1312 A. D. = 'hoang-tsing,' 1st year of Jin-tsoung II., of the Youan " or Twenty-second 

 dynasty (Chinese chron. table). Among ether reforms in government, Jin-tsoung II. prohibited the 

 appointment of eunuchs to political station. He also re-established the "Tribunal of historians;" 

 taking great pains to collect and preserve historical documents. 



" In this year" (Auger., and Spreng.), Vitalis de Furno, author of a treatise on Materia Medica, 

 appointed cardinal by pope Clemens V. 



" 1313 A. D." (Skeat ed. Piers' Plowm. 118), by pope Clemens V., first public sale of Indul- 

 gences. 



" In this year " (Blair), the Order of knights Templars having been suppressed, as above stated, 

 the Grand master Molay with several of the knights burned alive at Paris. 



"The same year" (S. F. Haven in archaeol. Amer. iv. 259), in England, in competition with the 

 long-established " German " company called " Merchants of the Steelyard," a home company incor- 

 porated, under the name of " Merchants of the Staple." 



" 1314, May 7th" (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. An article, Forbidding "ecclesiastical judges to 

 use vague and general citations." 



" 1315, October" (Nicol.), a synod at Senlis. The bishop of Chalons, imprisoned by Louis X. 

 on suspicion of being accessory to the death of Philip IV. le Bel, was released and his possessions 

 restored. 



Thlaspi bursa-pastoris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain shepherd 's-purse (Prior), 

 in Italy "borsa pastore " (Lenz), in which we recognize the burS^m pastor IS of the Liber 

 Saladini, — and J. Jacobi de Manliis : T. bursa-pastoris is termed " bursa-pastoris major folio sinuato " 

 by Tournefort inst. 216, and is known to occur as a weed in Italy and throughout middle and Northern 

 Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 729, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, seems figured 

 in the Vienna manuscript of Dioscorides 38 (Cockayne, and myself) ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 

 bard, and Fraas, frequent in Greece and on the Greek islands and called "tzourkas" or "tragia." 

 Farther South, was observed by Hasselquist in Palestine ; and is known to occur in Abyssinia (Rich.). 

 Farther East, is known to occur in Persia, Nepaul, and throughout Siberia to Daouria and Kam- 

 tchatka (Don, Dec, and Ledeb.) ; was observed by Wight in Tropical Hindustan ; and by Thun- 

 berf in Tapan frequent on the margin of fields and alojig roads and called " neko no samsin." By 

 European colonists, was carried across the Atlantic to Northeast America, where it has become nat- 

 uralized and a frequent weed throughout our Atlantic States as far as Florida (Chapm.), following the 

 fur traders Northward as far as Great Bear Lake (Hook), and Westward as observed by myself to 

 the trading-posts of Colville and Fort Nisqually in Oregon : also by European colonists was carried 

 to the Straits of Magellan and Chili (Dec, and Beechey) ; to Austral Africa, and to the Mauritius 

 Islands (Harv., and A. Dec). _ 



•' 1316 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Adena in Armenia. The decrees of the synod of Sis, For the 

 re-union of the churches of Armenia and Rome, were confirmed. 



" Aug. 7th " (Alst., and Nicol.), after an interval of " two years," Clemens V. succeeded by car- 



