OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 777 



bulbous root eaten in times of scarcity ; "micco hoyenejau" dwarf willow Salix tristis, their "king 

 physic " or "great medecine," the root bruised in a watery infusion as a tonic, becoming emetic when 

 used freely; Agave Virginica, one of the two plants called "rattle-snake's master;" Aesculus 

 Paawiti, used to intoxicate fish ; " luchau loobe thlucco " large turtle liver, Asarum Virginicum. 



Of fragments of pottery, arrow-heads, and other implements of stone or bone, found in rubbish- 

 heaps from the Roanoke to and beyond the Lower Mississippi, some as early probably as this date.* 



* Nelumbium luteum of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The American water-lotus is 

 called from its hard smooth seeds water-chinquapin. Fruit like a bean, from early times of the high- 

 est value among the natives West of the mouths of the Mississippi and employed as a medicine, — as 

 on the visit of Cabeza de Vaca : N. luteum is regarded by A. Gray as perhaps introduced by the 

 natives into certain detached localities in our Atlantic States as far as Connecticut and Lake Ontario ; 

 but was observed by Elliot in South Carolina ; by N. A. Ware, in Florida ; by Chapman, " near Tal- 

 lahassee, and northward and westward, not common ; " by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by E. James, on 

 the Arkansas and Lower Missouri ; by Short, in Kentucky ; and by Michaux, in Illinois. 



Nuphar advena of North America. The spatter-dock or yellow water-lily known from early 

 times to the natives, and its roots cooked and eaten : — West of the mouths of the Mississippi, Cabeza 

 de Vaca found the natives obliged to get roots from below the water, and one or two other kinds of 

 roots eaten, but poor food, requiring two days roasting : in New England, Josselyn rar. 44 found 

 roots of the '■ water-lily with yellow flowers " after long boiling eaten by the natives : N. advena is 

 known to grow from Lat. 51 in Newfoundland (Lapylaie) and 56 in Central North America to the 

 Gulf ; was observed by myself along the Atlantic from about 44 to 38 ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; 

 by Chapman, " common ; " by Drummond, near Jacksonville in Lower Louisiana; by. Short in Ken- 

 tucky ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas; and by myself, not far from Puget Sound. In Northern New 

 England, moose-deer, while searching with head under water for these roots, were killed by the natives 

 (Jossel. rar. 44). 



Gordonia lasianthus of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. A flowering Camellioid tree, thirty 

 to fifty feet high, called loblolly bay; and the "tree of peace" of the natives of Louisiana — is identi- 

 fied by Bossu 349 with the "white bays" bearing a "white flower like a tulip: " G. lasianthus was 

 observed by Catesby i. pi. 44 in Carolina ; by Chapman, " Florida to North Carolina, and west- 

 ward ; " and is known to grow in swamps in the alluvial district along the sea from Lat. 37 (Pursh) 

 to the Mississippi (A. F. Mx.). 



Hypericum corymbosum of Northeast America. Among simples valued above gold by the natives 

 of Louisiana, "excellent oil for healing" — was made of "St. John's wort" (Bossu 353 to 355) : a 

 "St. John's wort" is enumerated by Josselyn 44 in 1670 as peculiar to North America: H. corym- 

 bosum was received by Hooker from Lake Huron at Lat. 47 on the Lower St. Lawrence ; was 

 observed by myself along the Atlantic from 45° to 38 ; by Walter, Michaux, and Elliot, as far as 33 

 in South Carolina; by Beck, near St. Louis on the Mississippi ; and by Nuttall, and Pitcher, on the 

 Arkansas. (Compare H. prolificum). 



Ilex cassine of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The yaupon is a large shrub, its leaves 

 from early times used as tea : — West of the mouths of the Mississippi, Cabeza de Vaca found the 

 Cutalchiches drinking a tea from the leaves of a tree like an oak (transl. B. Smith) : in West Florida, 

 "a decoction of it" called "liquor of valour " drank by the natives (Bossu, and Forst. cat.) : and 

 amon°- the Creeks, a strong decoction termed "black drink" taken at the opening of their councils, 

 actin<? according to Lindley "as a mild emetic : " I. cassine is termed "cassine vera Floridanorum" 

 as seen by Catesby ii. pi. 57 in South Florida ; was observed by Baldwin in Lat. 30 ; by Chapman, 

 in "lio-lit sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina;" by Walter, and Elliot, in South 

 Carolina and is known to grow as far as Lat. 37 (Bart.) ; Westward, was observed by E. James on 

 the Washita river; by H. Little, in the delta of the Mississippi. Transported to Europe, is described 

 by Plukenet pi. 376, and Miller diet. pi. 83. _ _ _ 



Rubus trtvia/is of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. — West of the mouths of the Mississippi, 

 Cabeza de Vaca found the natives living on blackberries for a month in the spring — (transl. B. Smith) : 

 R trivialis is known to grow along the Atlantic as far as Lat. 3 7° (Pursh) ; was observed by myself 

 from the mouth of Cape Fear river to 33 ; by Walter, Michaux, and Elliot, to and beyond the Santee ; 

 bv Chapman in " dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward ; " by Croom, as far as 

 io° %o'- bv H Little in the delta of the Mississippi; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. 



Passiflora incarnata of Carolina and Florida. A passion-flower known to the natives from early 

 times • the " maracock " vine bearing "a good sommer cooling fruiet " of "the bignes of a queen 

 aoole'and hath manie azurine or blew karnels, like as a pomegranet »- observed by S.rachey in 

 the cultivated fields of the natives on James river, is referred here by Bonnet : P. incarnata was 



