OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 78 1 



Spircea crenata of the Uralian plains. A handsome shrub called at Samara " tavolga," known 

 from early times, — and observed on the Lower Volga by Pallas i. 235 : known to grow as far West 

 as Hungary (Pers.). 



Bunias Orientalis of the Uralian plains. A tall Cruciferous plant called on the Lower Volga 

 "dikaia retka," and from early times its stem eaten crude, — observed by Pallas i. 276 frequent 

 throughout ; by Gmelin iii. pi. 57, in Siberia ; known to be frequent also about Caucasus and through 

 Southern Russia as far as Transylvania (A. Dec), Livonia and Lithuania (Ledeb.), Galicia (Zawad- 

 ski), and Northeastern Germany (Koch, and Kohl). Was received by Linnaeus from Russia, but 

 "in 1779" was found by Retz fl. scand. 128 springing up spontaneously in Scandinavia; "in 1819" 

 had become frequent in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. . .), and "in 1820" a pernicious 

 weed at Upsal that could not be extirpated (Wahlenb.) : in Belgium, after being cultivated became 

 naturalized "before 1827" (Lestib.); was observed by Lejeune "in 1824" in clefts of rocks near 

 Limbourg, Dison, and other places, "exotic and naturalized ; " and from at least " 1827," when men- 

 tioned by Chevalier as seemingly naturalized, has become clearly naturalized around Paris (Mut., and 

 Cosson). 



Hieracium Sibericum of the Uralian plains. Called on the Lower Volga " skerda," by Basch- 

 kirs "chakd," and from early times its stem eaten crude, — observed by Pallas i. 276 to ii. 28 frequent 

 there as far as Oufa ; by Gmelin ii. pi. 10, in Siberia (Pers.). 



Lychnis Chalcedonica of the Uralian plains. The scarlet lychnis is called on the Lower Volga 

 " dikoe" mouilo " or " koukouschkino," or simply " koukouts " soap, from foaming in water so as to be 

 used like soap, — observed there by Pallas trav. i. 282 to 299. Transported to Europe, is termed 

 "flos constantinopolitanus " by Dodoens . . . , and Lobel hist. 183 ; is described also by Dalechamp 

 pi. 820, Gerarde, and Parkinson ; has become a favourite garden flower, known even in Japan 

 (Thunb.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens. 

 Hedysarum grandiflorum of the Uralian plains. A beautiful species, known from early times, 

 — observed by Pallas iii. 490 abundant on the Lower Volga, becoming rare on the Irtich. Termed 

 "astragalus grandiflorus " by Linnaeus (Steud ). 



Trifoliiun spadiceum of Sweden and Germany. Resembling T. agrarium, but the flowers ferru- 

 ginous ; employed medicinally by the Mordouans — (Pall. trav. i. no): termed " t. pratense fiore 

 rufescente " by Vaillant paris 196, but hardly known beyond the limits of Sweden and Germany 

 (Smith in Sibth.) : observed by Linnaeus in mountain meads as far as Upsal; by Schreber pi. (Pers.), 

 probably in Germany. 



Centaurea jacea of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden "knap- 

 par" or "hattar" or "gohlschjadra," and from early times used for dyeing wool yellow (Linn.), and 

 by the Mordouans medicinally — (Pall. i. no) : termed "jacea nigra pratensis latifolia" by C. Bauhin 

 pin. 271, and known to occur in meads and fallow ground throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 519, 

 Engl. b'ot. pi. 1678, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, frequent in fallow ground and 

 sunny meads as far as Scania ; by Sibthorp, on mount Athos. 



" 1332 A. D. (= I992d of Synmu," art de verif.), civil war and resignation of the dairo Daigo II. 

 in favour of Kouo-gien ; who received a visit from the cubo Takaudsi ; — but at the end of two years, 

 re-established Daigo II. in office. 



As early perhaps as this year (Pall. trav. iv. 51), a fortified city of the Ostiaks in existence at 

 Lan<nvach on the Lower Obi, — but Soujef found there only a single but inhabited " iourten." The 

 Ostiaks, one of the first people of Siberia with whom the Russians came in contact, are a nation of 

 fishermen along the Lower Volga, mostly having reddish or blond hair (White Race), dwelling in 

 villages along the river from three hundred versts below Tobolsk to the gulf, but having dog-sledges 

 for travel in winter herds also of reindeer belonging to the more wealthy. Soujef found the Ostiaks 

 simple-minded, timid, full of prejudices, and very uncleanly in their mode of living; they practise 

 tattooing and burn a dried fungus on the skin as a substitute for moxa; have hereditary chiefs, not 

 much regarded after the Russian conquest; also schamans or priest-sorcerers; perform religious 

 rites to the dead and to certain mountains and trees ; and the idol most venerated by them and the 

 Samoyedes near the Obi is in the Voksarskoi country "seventy versts" North of Obdorsk and 

 "67° " is composed of two persons, male and female, and is carefully concealed from the Russians. 



Emfietrwn nigrum of Arctic and Subarctic climates. A diminutive spreading shrub having.the 

 alpine of Arctic aspect, though extending into lower latitudes, called in Britain crow berry or crake 

 berry horn the Danish " krake bar" (Prior), in Sweden " krak-ris " or " krakling " or " skraken » or 

 "lopperis" (Linn ) by the Russians at the mouth of the Obi " vodajniza " and by the Siberians 

 " schikscha " (Soujef) and known from early times': — termed " erica baccifera" by Clusius pan. 29, 

 "e b procumbens nigra" by C. Bauhin pin. 436, and known to grow in Arctic and Subarctic Europe 

 and Asia, and on the mountains of Switzerland (Petiv. 72, fl. dan. pi 975, Engl bot. pi. 526, and 

 Pers.) : observed by Scheffer, and Linnajus, frequent in cold sterile places in Lapland and Sweden ; 



