7§4 



CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



lant, diuretic, and cathartic properties," and according to Hayne is furnished by various species : 

 "balsamum copaivee" was seen by Forskal mat. nied. in the drug-shops of Egypt. 



Copaifera mul/ijuga of Eastern Equatorial America. A forest-tree, perhaps the " copan " of the 

 Brazilians — seen by Lerius 202, and referred to this tribe by Sprengel : the copaiva tree was observed 

 by Nieuhoff in Brazil, wild and very lofty ; and according to Schomburgk (note to Ralegh) grows also 

 in the Guayana forest. C. multijuga according to Hayne furnishes the copaiva balsam exported from 

 Para (Lindl.). 



Copaifera coriacea of Interior Brazil along the Southern Tropic. Known from early times, — and 

 observed by Martius in the province of S. Paul (Lindl.). 



Copaifera Langsdorfii of Interior Brazil along the Southern Tropic. Known from early times,— 

 growing in the same district (Oesf. in mem. mus. vii. 376) with the last species, and both according to 

 Martius furnishing the copaivee balsam of Brazil (Lindl.). . 



Anacardium Occidental,: of Eastern Equatorial America. The cashew- nut is a large Terebin- 

 thoid tree called in Brazilian " aca-iou " — according to Lerius 205, who found difficulty in distinguish- 

 ing it amon« high trees ; grows wild according to Piso 57 in Northern Brazil, and much used by the 

 natives; wild also in Guayana (Aubl. 392): but South of Lat. 13 was found by A. Saint-Hilaire 

 nowhere indigenous, by myself, only under cultivation : in the West Indies was observed by Jacquin 

 am. 124, and Descourtilz, but no Carib name given, is probably only planted, as also in Nicaragua, 

 Panama, and Guyaquil, and was not seen wild in the portion of America traversed by Humboldt and 

 Bonpland (A. Dec). By European colonists was carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philip- 

 pines, called in Tagalo "casoi," in Ylocano "ballogo,'' and its fruit sold in market (Blanco) ; to the 

 neighbouring islands, its Malay name derived from the American (A. Dec.) and the tree observed by 

 Rumphius i. 177 on Amboyna and Celebes ; to Java, cultivated there (Blume) ; to Burmah, ''exotic" 

 and called there " thee-ho-tha-yet " (Mason); to Hindustan, having no Sanscrit name (Roxb., and 

 Pidd.) but called in Bengalee '' hijli-badam," in Tamil '• mundiri-marum," in Malabar "paranki-mava" 

 or "kappa-mavakum," in Telinga " munta-mamidi " or " jidi-mamidi." in Hindustanee " kaju " (Drur.), 

 was observed by C. Acosta in 1578 in gardens at Cochin, by Rheede iii. pi. 54 in Malabar, by Rox- 

 burgh, Wight, and Drury, from Chittagong to Trichinopoly, by Graham as far as Bombay ; to Eastern 

 Equatorial Africa (Lour., and myself) : also by European colonists was carried across the Atlantic to 

 the islands of Fernando Po and S. Thomas (fl. nigr. 28S) ; and in French is called "pommier d'aca- 

 jou" (A. Dec). From transported specimens, is termed "anacardium indis familiaris" by Ruellius i. 

 37 ; is mentioned also by C. Stephanus ; nuts brought from Brazil to Lisbon were seen by Clusius ; 

 were found by Rouyer imported by the way of Europe into Egypt. 



Ipovioea opereula/a of Brazil. Called there "jeticucu" (Piso), and from early times employed 

 medicinally : — observed in Brazil by Piso 93, and Martius. Said by Guibourt to furnish a part of the 

 nicchaacan of commerce (Lindl.). 



" 1341 A. D." (Alst.), Andronicus III. succeeded by Joannes V. Palaeologus, sixty-fourth 

 Byzantine emperor. And in this year (Alst. p. 307), Mysia and Thrace devastated by the Turks. 



"The same year (= 742 Hej.," Pall. trav. i. 192), date of the latest Arabic inscriptions in the 

 cemetery of the ruined city of Bolgari. on the Lower Volga. 



Cirsium hcleropliyllum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A thistle called in Sweden, 

 "borstar" or - gullborste " or " brundborste " (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed 

 "cirsium singulari capitulo magno ». incanum varie dissectum " by C. Bauhin pin. 377, "cirsium 

 singulari capitulo squamato vel incanum alterum '' by Tournefort inst. 447, and known to grow in 

 meads throughout Northern and middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 675, Lapeyr. in act. toul. i. pi. 19, and 

 Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Lapland and Sweden, in depressed situations in meads ; by 

 Haller pi. 21, in Switzerland ; by Allioni pi. 34, in Piedmont ; by Sibthorp, in the environs of Con- 

 stantinople * 



* Cirsium oleraccum of Northern Europe and Asia. A thistle, its leaves from early times cooked 

 and eaten by the Russians— (St. Bielke, and Linn.) : termed " carduus pratensis " by Lobel ic. ii. 

 ir, "cnicus pratensis latifolius " by C. Bauhin pin. 376: observed by Linnasus in Sweden, in moist 

 places in the open ground of Scania. 



Galium borcale of Subarctic climates. Called in Finland " mattara," and from early times its root 

 used there for dyeing wool — (Lin. fl. lapp.) : observed by Linnajus very rare in Lapland, but fre- 

 quent throughout Sweden; by Pallas trav. i. 45, on the Volga below Moscow, but not East of the 

 Ural; known to «row as far South as Germany (Poll), France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.), and Switzer- 

 land (Wats.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland, and received from Canada from 6S° 

 to Niagara Falls; was observed by Darlington as far as 40 near Westchester, Penn. ; by Pursh, 

 near Wilksbarre and along the Lakes ; by Drummond, at 54° on t'-.e Saskatchewan ; by Nuttall, at 

 the Southern sources of the Columbia ; and by Mertens, at Norfolk Sound on the Pacific. 



