OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 785 



Cytisus supinus of the Uralian plains. Called on the Volga "raketnik " (Pall.), and from early 

 times valued there as excellent feed for sheep, — observed by Pallas i. 30 nearly as far West as 

 Moscow ; by Jacquin i. pi. 20, on the sunny hills of Pannonia and Austria; known to grow also in 

 Siberia (Pers.). 



Silene Tartarica of the Uralian plains. Known from early times: — observed by Pallas along 

 the Volga nearly as far West as Moscow ; described also by Linnaeus, and known to grow as far as 

 Tartary (Pers.). 



Cineraria palustris of Northern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called on the Volga 

 " vipadaschnaiatrava," and from early times bruised with oil and applied medicinally, — observed by 

 Pallas as far South as the forest of Mourom ; by Linnaeus, in Scania in Sweden; and is known to 

 grow as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 573). 



Salix arenaria of Northern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Its bark from early times 

 used in tanning Russia leather, — as witnessed by Pallas i. 70 at Arsamas on the Volga : S. arenaria 

 was observed by Wahlenberg in Lapland ; by Lightfoot, in Scotland ; by Haller pi. 14, on the moun- 

 tains of Switzerland ; and is known to grow in Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 197). 



Iris Siberica of the Uralian plains. Called in Russian " boubentschik " (Pall.), and known 

 from early times : — observed by Pallas trav. i. 52 along the Volga; known to grow also in Siberia, 

 and as far West as Austria and Germany (Jacq. fl. pi. 3, Roth, Moench, Pers., and Steud.). 



Bidens tripartita- of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain bur marigold (Prior), at 

 Constantinople "agrio katfiphithia " (Forsk., and Sibth.), in Russian " tckerjoda," and from early 

 times used on the Volga in dyeing — (Pall. trav. i. 95): the "verbena supina " of Tragus 211 is 

 referred here by Sprengel: B. tripartita is described also by Ray syn. 187, and Thuillier 422; is 

 termed " b. foliis tripartito divisis " by Tournefort inst. 462 ; is known to occur in Britain and through- 

 out middle Europe (Curt. lond. iv. pi. 57, Roth, and Pers.) ; was observed by Brotero in Northern 

 Portugal; by Forskal, and Sibthorp, around Constantinople and Smyrna; by Bieberstein, along the 

 Taurian mountains; by Gmelin, on the Tobol river in Siberia; and is known to grow in Dahuria : 

 the whole plant according to Lindley "acrid and when chewed excites salivation powerfully." Not- 

 withstanding its North American aspect, is given as distinct from B.frondosa. 



Stipa pennata of the Uralian plains. A plumed grass called by Russians "rovouil-trava,'' and 

 known from early times, — observed by Pallas i. 262 frequent in barren soil on the Lower Volga. 

 Westward, is termed " gramen spicatum aristis pennatis" by Tournefort inst. 518 ; was observed by 

 Sibthorp, and Gittard, from mount Athos to Cyprus and the Peloponnesus ; and is known to grow as 

 far as Germany and Sweden (Pers.). 



Lycopodium comflanatum of Northern Europe and America. Called in Sweden "joemna," and 

 from early times used to dye wool yellow (Linn.) ; on the Volga, in dyeing generally— (Pall. trav. i. 

 93): termed " muscus terrestris ramosus pulcher" by Bauhin hist. iii. 757, "sabina sylvestris " by 

 Tillands pi. 69, observed by him, and Linnaeus, abounding in Sweden, though seemingly unknown in 

 other parts of Europe. Westward, was received by Dillenius muse. pi. 59 from America (Linn ) ; was 

 observed by myself frequent in the forest from 45 to 40 along the Atlantic ; by A. Gray, " common " 

 in central New York, in one form extending "far northward ;" grows according to Chapman in our 

 Southern States, in " woods along the Alleghanies." 



" The same year " (art de verif .), Naser succeeded by Abubekr ; and after " forty days," by 

 Koutchouk, twelfth Memluk sultan of Egypt. 



"July 1st " (Boccaccio, Webb, and Major edit. Bethenc), under instructions from Alphonso IV. 

 of Portugal, sailing of Angiolino del Tegghia for the Canary Islands, commonly called the " Redis- 

 covered." According to the Genoese pilot Nicoloso de Recco, in proceeding from island to island 

 the land was full of ""goats, sheep, and wild hogs," and " inhabited by naked men and women " dwell- 

 ing in cabins " made with much skill of square stones." On one island, the sailors found a chapel or 

 temple containing only the stone statue of "a man with a ball in his hand," naked with the exception 

 of "an apron of palm-leaves ; " but in general they were afraid to land, and on no island did they 

 venture far from the shore. The natives communicated from island to island only by swimming, and 

 of those swimming out to the boats, four " were taken on board and afterwards carried away." These 

 four were " courageous and very intelligent " beardless young men, with " handsome faces," and " long 

 lio-ht hair" veiling their bodies to the waist; they "were uncircumcised," and wore only "a sort of 

 apron" forming "an effectual covering," that of the chief consisting of palm-leaves hanging from a 

 cord that of the others of reed fibres " painted in yellow and red : " their language was unknown, 

 but " was soft and their pronunciation rapid and animated like Italian ; " they sang very sweetly, 

 and danced almost as well as Frenchmen; they were gay and merry, and "much more civilized than 

 manv Spaniards •" showed "remarkable faithfulness and honesty," knew nothing of " sabres," nor 

 of the use of " gold and silver money." " Marriage was observed among them, and the marned wore 

 aprons," but "the maidens went quite naked." 



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