79 2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



" 1371 A. D. (= 4 th year houng-wou of Tai-tsou," Remus, mel. iii. 89), a letter and tribute sent 

 to China by Hou-eul-na, king of Cambodia. 



" In this year" (Vincent's eel. Haydn), David II. son of Robert Bruce succeeded by Robert II., 

 of the Stuart family, and now kins; of Scotland. 



Carduus nutans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "gaitharagkatho 

 (Sibth.), in Britain musk thistle or Scotch thistle, and usually regarded as the badge of Scotland in 

 the national arms (Prior) ; the "thistle," the badge of the Stewart clan * — (Vincent's ed. Haydn), 

 is first mentioned as the badge of Scotland in a poem by Dunbar in 1503 (Pinkert.) : C. nutans is 

 described by Tournefort inst. 440 ; and is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe as 

 far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 675, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 in fallow ground in the Peloponnesus. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 

 where it has been found bv Porter in "fields near Harrisburg, Penn." (A. Gray). 



Onopordum acanthinm of Europe. Called in Germany " eselsdistel," in Italy " scardiccione " 

 (Lenz), in Britain on the Eastern Border Scotch thistle (G. Johnston, and Prior), and an allied species 

 in Greece " gaitharagkatho " (Sibth.) : possibly therefore the " thistle " in question : — O. acanthium 

 is described by Tragus f. 324, and Dodoens 721 (Spreng.) ; is termed "carduus tomentosus acanthi 

 folio vulgaris" by Tournefort inst. 441 ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia (Steud.) ; and is known 

 to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (flor. Dan pi. 909, and Pers.). 

 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in waste ground in Greece, but extremely rare. By European 

 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues along roadsides and to all appearance 

 naturalized on the seashore of New England. 



" 1372 A. D." (Blair), the English defeated in naval combat by the Spanish admiral Boccanegra. 



" The same year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Kouo-gen II. succeeded by his kinsman Jensu II. 

 or Go-Jensu or Go-yen-yo, now one hundredth dairo of Japan. 



"1373 A. D." (Pauth. 39s), in China, edict of Tai-tsou IV., prohibiting women from becoming 

 "kou-tseu" or bonzesses before the age of "forty." 



"In this year (= 6th year houng-wou of Tai-tsou," Remus, mel. iii. 92), tribute sent to China 

 from Cambodia. 



" 1374 A. D." (Humb. cosm. v.), the Catalonian map, containing the mountain lake of Issikul on 

 the Northern slope of the Thian-shan : — a lake lately for the first time visited by Russian travellers. 



As early perhaps as this year, a fortified temple built by the Calmuk prince Ablai on the Upper 

 Irtich. — The ruins, situated South of the Russian frontier, were visited by Sokolof, who found among 

 them human figures with "ten faces and seven arms" (Braminical), and remnants of Mongol and 

 Tangout writings on paper and birch bark. 



Calama^rostis arutidinacca of Northern Europe and Asia. A grass called in Sweden "pip-hwen" 

 (Linn.), and from early times woven by the Calmuks into mats for covering their dwellings — (Gmel.): 

 termed "gramen avenaceum montanum panicula angusta e dilutissimo fusco albicante et papposa " by 

 Scheuchzer hist. 507 (Linn.) ; observed by Linnaeus in Lapland and Sweden ; by Roth i. 33 in Ger- 

 many ; and by Gmelin in Siberia. 



* Rubns chamamortis of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain knot-bcrrv or cloud-berry (Prior), 

 and the "cloud-berry bush " enumerated as the badge of the M'Farlane clan — (Vincent's ed. Haydn) 

 may be compared : R. chamaemorus is described by Gerarde p. 1368 ; is known to grow from the 

 mountains of Scotland, Bohemia, and Silesia, throughout Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Ice- 

 land (Lightf. pi. 13, Pers., Hook., and W.Us.). Eastward, is known to grow on the Ural mountains 

 and throughout Siberia as far as Kamtchatka (Gmel., and Pall.). Farther East, on Unalascha and 

 from Bering's Straits along the shore of the Arctic Sea, and Southward to Lat. 52 at Lake Winnipeg 

 (Hook., and Drumm.), Hudson Bay (Six.), Newfoundland (Lapyl.), the Lower St. Lawrence (observed 

 by myself), the mountains of New England (Pursh, and A. Cray), and along the Atlantic ceasing at 

 about Lat. 44 (Josselvn). 



Scirpus cirspitosus of Arctic climates. Called in Britain deer's hair (Prior) : the "deer-grass" 

 enumerated as the badge of the M'Kcnzic clan — (Vincent's ed. Haydn) may be compared : S. caespi- 

 tosus is described by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow on the Pyrenees, Alps of Switzerland, and moun- 

 tains of Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (i'ers., and Dec). Eastward, is known 

 to grow in Northern Asia (Wats.). Farther East, in British America and Greenland (Wats.), also on 

 the alpine summits of the Adirondacks and mountains of Maine (A. Gray), and observed by myself on 

 the White mountains. 



Lvcopoi/ium dendi aides of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Brhzinjir-moss (Prior), and the 

 "fir-clubmo.ss" enumerated as the badge of the M'Rae clan — (Vincent's ed. Haydn) : L. dendroides 

 is described by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow throughout Northern Europe. 



