OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 793 



Glycyrrhiza asperrima of the Uralian plains. Growing in the most arid parts of the Desert 

 towards the South, and from early times its leaves used by Calmuks as a substitute for tea— (Pall, 

 trav. i. 513 to 767). 



Phlomis tuberosa of the Uralian plains. Called by the Calmuks " bodmon sok " (Pall.), and from 

 early times its root cooked and eaten by the Calmuks ; — observed by Buxbaum cent. i. pi. 6, and 

 Pallas i. 235 to 513 as far West as the Lower Volga. Probably by European colonists carried to 

 Northeast America, observed by Hadley and Dewey on the "shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester" 

 (A. Gray). 



Saxifraga crassifolia of the Altaian mountains. Called " badan," and from early times its leaves 

 used by the Mongols and Bouriates as a substitute for tea— (Klapr., and Ainsl. mat ind. i. 1. 228) ; 

 according ta Pallas iii. 271, used especially for this purpose when commerce with China was inter- 

 rupted for some years, and called throughout Siberia " Tschargirskoi'-tchai " from the source of com- 

 mercial supply : S. crassifolia was observed by Gmelin pi. 66, and Pallas, on the Altaian mountains. 



Hedysarum f> itticosum of the Mongolian plains. A clustered shrub from early times valued as 

 affording feed for horses : — observed by Gmelin iv. pi. 22 in Siberia ; by Pallas iv. 367 to 717, fre- 

 quent on sandy hills on the Upper Selenga and at Chailassutu in Daouria. 



Caragana pygmea of the Mongolian plains. Called on the Upper Selenga " zolotarnik," known 

 from early times, — observed by Pallas iv. 370. 



Caragana spinosa of the Mongolian plains. A thorny bush called by the Mongols "altaganah" 

 (Pall.), and known from early times : — observed by Laxman on the Upper Yenisei ; by Pallas iv. 397 

 to 716, on the Selenga, said to abound around Pekin, and suitable for hedges. 



Campanula lilifalia of the Mongolian plains. Called by the Saigak Tartars "sondjaelass " (Pall ), 

 and its root eaten from early times : — observed by Gmelin iii. pi. 26 in Tartary and Siberia ; by Pallas 

 iv. 502, on the Upper Yenisei. 



Cirsium se<-raiuloides of Siberia. Called in Greece "agriozohos " (Forsk.), by the Saigak Tartars 

 "epschoek'' (Pall.), and its root eaten from early times : — observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 22 and 23 in 

 Siberia; by Pallas iv. pi. 502, on the Upper Yenisei. Westward, is termed "cirsium angustifolium 

 non laciniatum " by Tournefort inst. 447 ; was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, near Belgrad in the 

 environs of Constantinople ; and is known to occur as far as Switzerland and Montpellier (Jacq. austr. 

 pi. 127, and Pers.). 



Potentilla rupestris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called by the Mongols and Bouriates "khal- 

 talsa," and from early times used as a substitute for tea — (Klapr., and Ainsl. mat. ind. i. 1. 228) ; 

 also in Siberia, where it is called " polevoi'-tcha'i " prairie tea, and was observed by Pallas iii. 395. 

 Westward, is termed " quinquefolium fragiferum" by C. Bauhin pin. 326, "fragaria rupestris" by 

 Scopoli, and is known to grow as far as France and Britain (Jacq. austr. pi. 114, Lam. fl. fr., and 

 Smith fl. brit). 



Artemisia tanacetifolia of the Uralian plains. Called by the Katschintzi Tartars "irven," and 

 from early times employed in perfuming and consecrating annually a black stallion to " Tous " or the. 

 Evil one, — observed by Pallas iii. 433 on barren mountains on the Upper Obi ; by Allioni pi. 10, and 

 Villars iii. 248, as far West as the mountains of Piedmont and Dauphiny (Pers.). 



Leonurus lanatus of the Mongolian plains. Called on the Upper Yenisei '■ gremiiasscha " (Pall.), 

 and used medicinally from early times : —observed by Gmelin iii. pi. 54 in Siberia; by Pallas iii. 441, 

 near Abakansk on the Upper Yenisei. 



Caragana arborescens of the Mongolian plains. A bush called by the Mongols "altaganah,'' and 

 known from early times, — observed by Pallas iv. 145 frequent on the Selenga. 



Stipa capillata of the Mongolian and Uralian plains. A grass called by the Mongols "chilgona," 

 and from early times valued as feed for cattle, — observed by Pallas iv. 144 in a plain bearing its name 

 on the Selenga. Westward, by Sibthorp around Constantinople, and is known to occur as far as 

 Germany and France (Scheuchz. gram. pi. 3, and Lam. fl. fr.). 



/„•, dichotoma of Daouria. Called by the Mongols "chaitschi," and its root used from early 

 times against toothache, — observed by Messerschmid (Amm. 103 n. 135), and Pallas iv. 333 to 685, in 



Daouria. 



Rhamnus erythroxyhim of East Siberia. Called by the Mongols " iaschihl," and from early times 

 its wood used for niches for their divinities, — observed by Palhs iv. 367 on the Selenga. 



Lilium pomponium of Eastern Asia. Called by the Saigak Tartars " akschep," and the month 

 of June " aktschep-ai " by the Beltires from being the season when the root is chiefly collected for 

 food —observed by Pallas iii. 43' and iv. 274 to 501 from the Upper Yenisei to Daouria ; by Cleyer 

 ii. 9.' 76. f. 20, in China or Japan (Spreng.). Westward, is described by Clusius (Spreng), Miller pi. 



65, and Knorr del. i. pi. 4- , , „.. . . _ 



" 1375 A. D." (Nicol.), the Turkish sultan Murad menacing Italy; a synod at Winuwski, io 



extend aid to the pope. 



100 



