OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 799 



"llamap-fiaui" {Negretia inflexd), "masca" (....); "matecllu" a water plant with leaves used 

 for sore eyes, described by G. de la Vega ii. 25 as a foot long with one round leaf at the end, eaten 

 raw and having a pleasant taste ( . . . ); "chilca" for rheumatism Baccharis scandens, '• moho- 

 moho " seed ? of a plant ( . . . ), "parhataquia" (Molina prostraf a), " panqui " (Gunuera scabra). 

 and " tasta" the buds used for wounds (Stereoxy Ion patens), — all contained in the wallet of a modern 

 chirihuano or herb-doctor (Markh. note to ii. 24). 



Krameria triandra of the Peruvian Andes. Called in Quichua "ractania" (Markh.), its astrin- 

 gent root from early times used to strengthen and clean the teeth — (G. de la Vega ii. 25), also con- 

 tained in the wallet of the above-mentioned chirihuano : K. triandra was observed by Ruiz and Pavon 

 i. pi. 93 in sandy situations on the declivities of the Andes. Its imported root, called ratanhy root, 

 is used for. medicinal purposes besides tooth-powder (Lindl.). 



From the "taruca" (Cervus Antisiensis of high forests skirting the Andes) and other quad- 

 rupeds, bezoars obtained by the Peruvians in early times, — but not within the memory of G. de la 

 Vega viii. 17. 



Yupanqui "established the twelve months of the year, giving a name to each, and ordaining the 

 ceremonies that were to be observed in each ; " the first month called " hauca " and " Llusque " com- 

 mencing " in the middle of May, a few days more or less, on the first day of the moon." He also 

 built "the houses and temple* of Quisuar-cancha" at Cuzco — (C. de Molina edit. Markh. p. 11). 



Tumebamba, in about 2 20' S., became the favourite, residence of Yupanqui, the remarkable 

 temples f there were commenced by him, — and according to the natives were continued or completed 

 by his successors Tupac, and Huayna Capac. The last-named Inca was residing here when news came 

 of the arrival of Pizarro and his "thirteen companions " on the coast (Ciez. xliv). 



Apparently as far back as the end of the Fourteenth century, " chinampas " or floating gardens 

 first constructed on the lake surrounding the city of Mexico (Humb. iii. 8). 



One hundred and seventy-first generation. Jan. 1st, 1401, onward mostly beyond youth: the 

 Jewish writers, Rabbi Lipmann, Jacob Levi : the Arab writers, Khalil Dhaheri, Makrizi d. 1442, El- 

 Schebi (Pouchet) : the Greek writers, Manuel Chrysoloras d. 1415, Joannes Cananus d. 1422: Paulus 

 Bergensis ; John of Tornamira, Vincentius Ferrerius : the medical writers, Manfredus de Monte 

 Imperiali, Saladin d'Asculo : the scholastic theologians, Joannes Capreolus, Thomas Valdensis, 

 Joannes Gerson, and Augustinus de Roma: the botanist Christoph. de Honestis. 



" The same year " (Lubke and Lutrow), in Spain, the cathedral at Seville commenced. — It was 

 "finished within a century." 



In the days of the Flemish painters Hubert and John van Eyck (Bryan diet, paint), Bruges the 

 most commercial and flourishing city of Europe. 



" About the beginning of the fifteenth century " (Cogolludo, and Gayangos edit. 5th lett. Cortes 

 p. 50), Mayapan the capital city of Yucatan captured and destroyed, the reigning dynasty overthrown, 

 and the Itzaes from the South taking possession of the territories adjoining the lake. 



* Buddleia incana of the Peruvian Andes. A small tree called " quisuar " (Markh.), furnishing 

 the name of the above-mentioned temple: — B. incana was observed by Ruiz and Pavon i. pi. 80 

 along the banks of streams in Peru (Pers.). 



Erythroxylon coca of the Peruvian Andes. The coca shrub wild to all appearance " near Cuchero 

 and on the summit of Cerro de San Cristobal " (Poeppig), but cultivated from early times and its 

 leaves used as a masticatory : llamas young and old were sacrificed and baskets of " coca" offered in 

 the first month — (C. de Mol.) : coca leaves were found by Hieronymus Benzoni "1542 to 1556" 

 (Spreng.) constantly in the mouths of the Peruvians; also by J. Acosta ; "in 1583," a revenue of 

 " 500,000 pesos duros " was derived from them by the government of Potosi (Lindl ) ; " cachos grow- 

 in"- only on the mountains of Peru " was known to Monardes ; the abundant production of coca "in 

 the province of Jungas" is described by J. Jussieu (Lam., and A. Dec); its cultivation, by Wed- 

 dell ; and its use was witnessed by myself, principally in the mining districts on the Andes. 



Cantua uniflora of the Western slope of the Peruvian Andes. Called " cantut," and a portion 

 of Cuzco called " Cantut pata" as early perhaps as this date ; the beautiful flowers also woven in the 

 garlands of novices or young knights — (G. de la Veg. vii. 1) : C. uniflora was observed by Ruiz and 

 Pavon in " sepibus " enclosures in Peru. 



A second flower, the " chihuayhua," yellow and pink-like, intermingled in the garlands of the 

 young knights. 



A leaf of the "uinay huayna" always young, also interwoven — (G. de la Veg. vi. 27). 



t Stipaychu of the Peruvian Andes. A grass furnishing the remarkable enduring thatched roofs 

 of these temples (Ciez.), and that of the circular building called " sondor-liuasi " at Azangaro, — ex- 

 amined by Markham edit. p. 166 : S. ychu was observed by Humboldt and Bonpland on the Peruvian 

 Andes, and is described by Kunth. 



