804 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



making " a strong lye " wherein to "boyl their white-oak acorns until the oyl swim on the top : " the 

 "knottie maple" was seen around Massachusetts Bay by W. Wood i. 5 : A. rubrum, by F. A. 

 Michaux from 48° to 30 and throughout our Western States to the Lower Mississippi ; by myself, 



by Walter, and Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, in "shady swamps, Florida and northward;" 

 by Short, in Kentucky. Transported to Europe before " 1822," has become naturalized along the 

 Thames (J. S. Mill, Newm., Wats., Eng. bot. suppl. pi. 2794, and A. Dec). 



Rhus typhina of Northeast America. The staghorn sumach, so named from its stout velvety 

 twigs, is a large shrub known to the natives from early times : — " sumach " according to Josselyn 

 rar. 60 was boiled by the New England natives and the drink taken "for colds:" the " diars shu- 

 mach " was seen by W. Wood i. 5 in Plymouth colony ; "sumacke trees, they are good for dying and 

 tanning of leather," were found by Higgeson frequent around Salem (hist. coll. i. 119); and "rhus 

 coriaria" was seen by Hariot on the Roanol'e (De Bry i) : R. typhina was observed on Long's 

 Expedition at the Lake of the Woods Lat. 49 ; was received by Hooker from 47 on the Lower St. 

 Lawrence; was observed by Michaux from Canada to Pennsylvania; by myself, along the Atlantic 

 from 45 to 39 ; by Chapman, " Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward ; " by Riddel, in Ken- 

 tucky (Short) ; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. 



Rhus radicans of North America. A shrub climling by rootlets, called by the colonists poison 

 ivy, and its juice said to have been used in prior times by the natives "in staining the hardest sub- 

 stances a deep and permanent black," — in the days of Cutler p. 423-8 employed by " country people " 

 in making ink : R. radicans is known to grow throughout Canada to the Saskatchewan and Northwest 

 America (Hook.) ; has been observed by myself from 45 to 38 along the Atlantic ; by Elliot, in 

 South Carolina; by Baldwin, on Bermuda; by Croom, as far as 30° 30' in Florida; by Chapman, 

 "Florida to Mississippi, and northward;" by Nutlall, and Pitcher, on the Arkansas; and by E. 

 James, on the Rocky mountains at its source. Transported to Europe, is termed " edera trifolia 

 Canadensis " by Cornuti pi. 97, is described also by Barrelier pi. 22S, and has become naturalized in 

 two localities in France. 



iXcmopanthes Canadensis of Northeast America. A Celastroid deciduous shrub, its berries from 

 early times eaten by the natives : " figues " called " absconda " — were seen by Cartier in the canoes 

 of natives who had come from a distance to Chaleur Bay to catch mackerel, subsequently also on his 

 voyage up the St. Lawrence: "a small shrub which is very common, growing sometimes to the height 

 of elder, bearing a berry like in shape to the fruit of the white thorn, of a pale yellow colour at first, 

 then red, when it is ripe of a deep purple, of a delicate aromatical tast, somewhat stiptick," was seen 

 by Josselyn 2d voy. 72 in New England : N. Canadensis was observed by Lapylaie from 51 in New- 

 foundland ; by Michaux, from Hudson Bay throughout Canada : by myself, from 4S on the Lower 

 St. Lawrence to 42 along the Atlantic; by Nuttall, to 40° in New Jersey ; and according to A. Gray, 

 grows on the Alleghanies of Virginia and as far as Wisconsin. 



Amelanchier boiryapium of North America. The shad bush or June berry, its fruit called in 

 Canada "poires," in Maine sweet pears (C. P.), and from early times its berries dried and eaten by 

 the natives :— doubtless the "poires" seen by Cartier in Chaleur Bay, in the canoes of a distant 

 tribe of natives : " a small pleasant fruite called a peare," was seen by John Mason in Newfoundland : 

 A. botryapium is known to grow on Newfoundland, and throughout Canada to at least 6i° on the 

 Mackenzie river, also on the Rocky mountains and along the Columbia river (Hook.) : was observed 

 by myself from 48° on the Lower St. Lawrence to 38 along the Atlantic ; by Pursh, from Canada to 

 Carolina ; by Elliot, rare in the Low country of South Carolina : by Chapman, " Florida to Missis- 

 sippi, and northward;" by Nuttall, along the Arkansas; by Drummond, to 54° on the Saskatchewan; 

 by myself, at Fort Okanagan on the Columbia, the berries highly prized by the inmates ; and accord- 

 ing to R. Brown jun., they are dried and stored by the natives of Northwest America. 



A nnlanchier oligocarpa of Northeast America. Possibly distinct, having narrow leaves, broad 

 petals, and its two to four-flowered racemes often only axillary : — termed "mespilus canadensis 

 oligocarpa" by Michaux ; growing according to A. Gray in "cold and deep mountain swamps, north- 

 ward ; " observed by myself on the subalpine portion of the White mountains ; but found by Collins 

 in New Jersey. 



Adenorachis arbutifolia of Northeast America. The choke-berrv : clearly the huckleberries "atti- 

 taash of a binding nature " of the New England natives. — mentioned by R. Williams : Strachey met 

 with a "small tree like mirtle at James Towne," its fruit having 'a taste with the mirtle but much more 

 bynding:" A. arbutifolia is known to grow on Newfoundland and throughout Canada to the Sas- 

 katchewan (Hook.) ; was observed by Michaux from Hudson Bay to Virginia and the mountains of 

 Carolina; by myself, from 47 to 41 along the Atlantic ; by Elliot, on the mountains of Carolina; 

 and by Short, in Kentucky. The variety or species with reddish and more austere fruit, seems more 



