OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 807 



described by Josselyn, its berries being much used both by natives and colonists : was observed by 

 Lapylaie in Newfoundland, ceasing at 49 ; by myself, in bogs and marshes from 47° on the Lower 

 St. Lawrence to beyond 42 ; by Pursh, from Canada to the mountains of Virginia; by Chapman, in 



by Chapman, in " fields, Florida to Mississippi ; " was received by Kunth from Xalapa 750 and the 

 mountains of Mexico; and according to Nuttall has been found in Peru. Transported to Europe, 

 is described by Morison 5. pi. 2 f. 23 (Pers.). 



Rumex altissimus of Northeast America. A species of water dock, its root from early times 

 used by the natives "with great success in cleansing foul ulcers," — further observed by Cutler p. 436 

 "in muddy bottom brooks, not common ; " by myself on the marshy borders of streams from 48° on 

 the Lower St Lawrence to 42° along the Atlantic; by Mead, at Peekskill N. Y. ; and according to 

 A. Gray, grows as far as " Illinois and westward." 



Cornus sericea of North America. A large shrub called by the natives in Maine by a name 

 signifying "squaw-bush" (Williamson i. 125), in Central New York " kinnikinnik " (A. Gray) ; and 

 from early times, fish-nets made of its twigs, and its inner bark approved as a substitute for tobacco, 

 as far even as the Columbia river — (R. Brown jun., and Tuckerm. in archseol. Am. iv. 191) : observed 

 by Pursh from Canada to Carolina; by myself, around Monadnock and on the margin of Wenham 

 swamp, the berries blue ; by A. Gray, in "wet places, common " in Central New York ; by Schwei- 

 nitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina ; by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of South Carolina ; by Chapman, in 

 'Tow woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward ; " by Darby 205, in Opelousas ; by Pitcher, on 

 the Arkansas ; by Beck, at 40 in Illinois ; and by Douglas, on the Columbia river (Hook.). Medi- 

 cinal properties are attributed to this shrub in the American edition of Rees cycl. 



Juglans cinerea of Northeast America. The butternut, called by the Narragansetts " wussoquat," 

 and from early times, " excellent oil, good for many uses but especially for the anointing of their 

 heads," procured from "these walnuts" (R. Will, key 16), for seasoning their aliments (according to 

 F. A. Michaux) : " noyers " called " quaheya " and "noix" called "daheya," — were seen by Cartier 

 around Chaleur Bay and along the St. Lawrence : J. cinerea, according to Kalm, ceases not far North 

 of Quebec ; has been observed by myself from 47 30' to 42 along the Atlantic ; by others, as far as 

 40 ; by A. Gray, " common" in Central New York ; by Pursh, as far as Virginia ; by Schweinitz at 

 36° in Upper Carolina; by F. A. Michaux, in Kentucky; by Long's Expedition ii. 114 to 235, not 

 North of 48 beyond Lake Superior; by Baldwin, at 39 on the Missouri; by Nuttall, along the 

 Arkansas ; by Darby, a single tree at 31 in Opelousas. Sometimes planted for ornament. " Of the 

 chips" according to R. Williams, "the bark taken off, some English in the country make excellent 

 beer, both for taste, strength, colour, and inoffensive opening operation." 



A Inus glauca of Northeast America. The speckled alder : "alder-bark chewed fasting " applied 

 to wounds by the New England natives, — and by the first colonists to wounds, bruises, and burns 

 (Joss. 49) : A. glauca has been observed by myself from 47 on the Lower St. Lawrence to 41 30' ; 

 by Nuttall, at Cambridge near Boston ; by Pursh, in New England and on the mountains of Pennsyl- 

 vania ; by F. A. Michaux, not uncommon in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts, rare in 

 the Middle States, and wanting in the Southern; according to A. Gray, is "the common alder north- 

 ward from New England to Wisconsin." 



A Inus undulata of Canada. A shrub somewhat lower than the preceding, possibly included in 

 the chewed " alder-bark " applied to wounds by the natives — (Joss. 49): observed by Lapylaie at 

 52" on Newfoundland; by Michaux, in Canada (Steud.) : by myself, from 47 30' on the Lower St. 

 Lawrence to 44° on the White mountains. Transported to Europe, is termed "b. crispa " by Aiton 

 (Pers.). 



Abuts serrulata of Northeast America. The smooth alder, probably included in the "alder-bark 

 chewed fasting " applied to wounds by the New England natives — (Joss. 49) : " alnis " were seen by 

 W. Morell near Plymouth ; the " alder " on the Hudson, by the remonstrants against Stuyvesant ; A. 

 serrulata, by myself from 42 30' near Boston to 38° in the Delaware peninsula ; by Schweinitz, at 

 36°; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, on "banks of streams, Florida, and northward;" 

 by F. A. Michaux, in the Northern, Middle, and Western States ; and according to A. Gray, is "the 

 common alder from Southern New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward." 



Betula lenta of Northeast America. "Birch white and black: the bark of birch" used by the 

 New England natives for bruises and wounds, "boyled very tender and stampt betwixt two stones to 

 a plaister, and the decoction thereof poured into the wound " — (Joss. rar. 5 : B - lenta . called black 

 birch or cherry birch, was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland only in the South ; by F. A. Michaux, 

 from Nova Scotia and Maine to Maryland, and on the Alleghanies to Georgia, but not seen in Ken- 

 tucky nor Tennessee ; by myself along the Atlantic to 42 , and by others as far as 40° ; by Schweinitz 

 at 36 in Upper Carolina ; and according to A. Gray, grows from " New England to Ohio and north- 



