808 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"cold mossy swamps, North Carolina, and northward ; " by Darby 153, on the Mermentou river in 

 Louisiana; and according to A. Gray, grows from "Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and northward." 

 Under cultivation, has extended beyond its natural limits, and has become a well-known article of 

 commerce ; is now cultivated to some extent in Britain (A. Dec. 674 and 730). 



ward," its "twigs and foliage spicy-aromatic, timber rose-coloured, fine-grained, valuable for cabinet 

 work." Transported to Europe, is termed "b. nigra" by Duroi (Steud.). 



Betula populifolia of Northeast America. The poplar-leaved birch, a small tapering tree with 

 tremulous foliage and white-skinned bark, possibly the "white" birch included with the preceding — 

 by Josselyn rar. 51 : B. populifolia \v;is observed by myself along the Atlantic from 45 to 40 ; by 

 Pursh, from Canada to Pennsylvania ; by F. A. Michaux, not South of Virginia ; by Nuttall, in 

 Arkansas. Transported to Europe, is described by Aiton, Duroi, Ehrhart, and Wangenheim pi. 29 

 (Pers., and Steud.). 



Polyporus sp. of North America. A large and hard fungus projecting from the bark of trees : 

 " spunck, an excrescence growing out of black birch," used by the New England natives "for touch- 

 wood," and to " help the sciatica or gout of the hip, or any great ach, burning the patient with it in two 

 or three places upon the thigh and upon certain veins " — (Joss. rar. 52: compare the moxa of the 

 Chinese). The dried fungus continues to be employed in striking fire bv woodmen and hunters. 



Asarum Canadeuse of Northeast America. The wild ginger (so named from similarity in 

 flavour) employed against toothache by the Narragansetts, — in the words of R. Williams key 7, "a 

 certain root dried, not much unlike our ginger : " A. Canadense was received by myself from Lat. 47 

 on the Lower St. Lawrence, and observed in 43 in the mountain woods of New England ; was ob- 

 served by Michaux in Canada (Pers.) ; by Pursh, from Canada to Carolina ; by Schweinitz, at 36 ; 

 by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, on the "mountains of North Carolina, and northward;" 

 by Short, near Lexington in Kentucky ; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. Transported to Europe, is 

 described by Cornuti pi. 25. 



Finns rigida of Northeast America. The pitch pine, its wood "cloven in two little slices some- 

 thing thin" the only "candles" used by the New England natives, — and Higgeson found them 

 adopted by the first colonists (hist. coll. 1. 122) : the account is confirmed by W. Wood, and Josselyn 

 voy. 66 and r,ir. 62, where the " firre-tree or pitch-tree " is also mentioned : P. rigida was observed by 

 F. A. Michaux from 44 in New England to the Alleghanies, but not in the Western States, nor in 

 the maritime portion of the Southern States; by A. Gray, as far as Western New York ; by myself, 

 along/the Atlantic from 44 to 39 ; by Pursh, 'to Virginia; by Schweinitz, at 36 ; by Elliot, on the 

 mountains of Carolina, rare in the low country 



Arum (Arisczma) tripltyllum of Northeast America. A woodland plant called by the colonists 

 Indian turnip, and "the shreded roots and berries" said to have been boiled by the natives "with 

 their venison " — (Cutl p. 4S7) : "dragons, their leaves differ from all the kinds with -us, they come 

 up in June," were seen by Josselyn in New England: A. triphyllum according to Hooker 'is frequent 

 in Canada; by myself, from 47 to 40 along the Atlantic ; by Pursh, from Canada to Carolina ; by 

 Croom, near Newbern ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Chapman, in " Florida, and northward ; " by 

 Baldwin, as far as 29 ; by Short, in Kentucky ; and by Nuttall, along the Arkansas. Transported 

 to Europe, is described by the brothers Bauhin (Tuckerm. in arch. am. iv), and Plukenet aim 

 pi. 77. 



Symplocarpus foetidus of Northeast America. From its large clustered leaves called by the 

 colonists skunk cabbage, and its dried root said to have been employed by the natives against asthma 

 — (Cutl. p. 209): S. foetidus is figured by Josselyn; is termed " pothos foetidus " by Michaux 

 (Chapm ); was observed by myself frequent in swamps from 43 to 40 along the Atlantic- by 

 Catesby, in Virginia; by Schweinitz, as far as 36 in Upper Carolina; by A. Gray, "common" in 

 Central New York ; but was not seen by Nuttall West of the Alleghanies. Transported to Europe 

 is termed "dracontium foetidum" by Linnasus (Steud.). ' 



Mcdcola Virginica of Northeast America. Called by the colonists Indian cucumber and its roots 

 "esculent and of an agreeable taste" from early times eaten by the natives — (Cutl. p 4-7) • M Vir- 

 ginia was received by myself from Quebec, and observed as far as 40 alon<r the Atlantic ■ by Clay- 

 ton, in Virginia; by Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina; by Elliot, in SoutrTcarolina ; by Chapman 

 in "Middle Florida;" by Short, in Kentucky; by Nuttall, "near Morgantown " in North Carolina' 

 and on the Arkansas, and termed "gyromia." Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim' 

 pi. 328. f. 4. 



Allium Canadense of North America. The American garlic, its root from early times eaten by 

 the natives in Northwest America (R. Brown jun.), probably the "wild leekes " much eaten by the 

 New England natives "with their fish "-(Joss. rar. 54) : "allia" little differing from the English 



