OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 809 



Strobus Americanus of North America. The white pine, the loftiest tree of New England, 

 known to the natives from early times : "the bark of board-pine, first boyled tender and beat to a 

 playster betwixt two stones," applied by them to burns and scalds (Joss. 61) ; and the " cowaw-esuck " 

 of the Narragansetts — is translated "pine, young pine" by R. Williams: "tall firre " were seen 

 by Capt. George Weymouth on the Kennebec in 1605 (and hence the name Weymouth pine given 

 in England to the imported deals) : " of these stately high-growne trees, ten miles together, close by 

 the river-side," were seen by W. Wood i. 5. in Eastern Massachusetts : S. Americanus was observed 

 by Lapylaie only on the Southern portion of Newfoundland; by F. A. Michaux, from 49° in Canada 

 to Nova Scotia and Lat. 43 , and on the Alleghanies to their termination; by myself, from 48 on the 

 Lower St. Lawrence to about 41 along the Atlantic; by Schweinitz, in Wilkes County in North 

 Carolina ; by Chapman, " on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina ; " by N. A. Ware, some- 

 what beyond the Southwestern termination of the Alleghanies; by Long's Expedition ii. 129, from 

 42 on Lake Michigan to 49 on Rainy Lake ; by Drummond, on the Saskatchewan (Hook.) and 

 as far as 53 on the West side of the Rocky mountains ; and by myself, on the mount Rainier ridge. 

 Its easily-worked timber and tall trunks for masts, are well known in commerce. 



Abies nigra of Northeast America. The black spruce known to the natives from early times : 

 — " abeti " were seen by Verrazzanus at the Northern termination of his voyage ; " pruches," by 

 Cartier around Chaleur Bay and along the St. Lawrence ; "spruce," by Weymouth on the Kennebec ; 

 by Josselyn 63, farther South, " a goodly tree, of which they make masts for ships, and sail-yards : " 

 A. nigra, according to Hooker, ceases with Betula papyracea at Lat. 65 ; was observed by Drum- 

 mond at 54 near the Rocky mountains ; by E. James, on the Rocky mountains at the sources of the 

 Arkansas ; by F. A. Michaux, from Newfoundland and 53 in Canada to 44 , and scattered trees in 

 swamps near New York and Philadelphia; by myself, from 48 to 42 ; by Chapman, on "high 

 mountains of North Carolina, and northward." Spruce spars have become well known in commerce. 



Abies Canadensis of Northeast America. The hemlock spruce from early times known in New 

 England; the natives after dropping " a strong decoction of alder-bark" on a burn, "playstered it 

 with " bark of the " hemlock-tree, boyled soft and stampt betwixt two stones till it was as thin as 

 brown paper " — (Joss. 62) : " iffs " or " yfs " were seen by Cartier around Chaleur Bay and along 



were seen by Hariot on the Roanoke (De Bry i.) ; and "plotts of onions an acre or more in low 

 marshes " along James river, by Strachey : A. Canadense was observed by Kalm trav. iii. 79 in 

 Canada; by Pursh, from Canada to Carolina; by myself along the Atlantic from 43 to 40 ; by 

 Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina ; by Baldwin, to 31° ; by Chapman, on " banks of rivers, Florida, 

 and northward; " by Short, in Kentucky; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. 



Veratrum viride of North America. The American false-hellebore, clearly the "white hellibore" 

 whose powdered root was applied by the New England natives to wounds and " aches," — an example 

 followed by the colonists, and the plant further observed by Josselyn voy. 60 and rar. 43 growing "in 

 deep black mould and wet, in such abundance that you may in a small compass gather whole cart- 

 loads : " V viride was observed by myself from 47 30 7 on the Lower St. Lawrence to 40 along the 

 Atlantic ; by Pursh, from Canada to the Alleghanies of Carolina; by Chapman, in "mountain mead- 

 ows, Georgia, and northward ; " by A. Gray, " common " in Central New York ; by Drummond, to 53 

 on the Rocky mountains ; and by Mertens, "v. album" around Norfolk Sound. 



Eriophorum Virginicum of Northeast America. A tall cotton-rush with long grassy leaves, 

 probably the "kind of silk grass" of which the New England natives sometimes made baskets — • 

 (Gookin coll. 3): E. Virginicum was observed by Michaux from Canada to Carolina; by Pursh, to 

 Georgia; by myself, from 46 to 39 along the Atlantic ; by Elliot, in South Carolina, rare along the 

 seacoast ; by Chapman, in "bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward ; " by A. Gray, "common" in 

 Central New York. 



Cyperus filiculmis of Northeast America. The " vimine gramineo nux subterranea suavis " eaten 

 by the New England natives — (Rev. Wm. Morrell), may be compared : C. filiculmis was received by 

 Vahl from Carolina ; by Muhlenberg, from New England and the upper district of Georgia ; was ob- 

 served by myself along the Atlantic from 43° to 38 ; by A. Gray, in " dry sterile soil, common, espe- 

 cially southward," culms "from hard tuberiferous rootstocks ; " by Elliot, as far as Beaufort; by 

 Chapman, in "dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward." The root is not known to be esculent. 



Cyperus phymatodes of Northeast America. Possibly the plant in question : —observed by Muh- 

 lenberg in Pennsylvania ; by Baldwin, in Delaware and East Florida; by Schweinitz* near Salem in 

 North Carolina; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, in "sandy soil near the coast, Florida, 

 and northward ; " by Short, in Kentucky ; and according to A. Gray, grows from " Vermont to Michi- 

 gan, Illinois, and common southward," " tubers small, at the end of very slender rootstocks." These 

 tubers are not known to be edible. 



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