OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 8ll 



foot of the rock, which was their dwelling-place ; " and which received the name of " Camara dos 

 lobos : " — the Camara dos lobos visited by myself is clearly an artificial excavation, like a mill-sluice 

 tunneled along the base of a precipice with windows at intervals. 



" 1421 A. D." (art de verif.), Shekh Mahmoudi succeeded by Ahmed El-Mozaffer ; after some 

 months, by Seifeddin Tattar ; and before the close of the year, by Mohammed Saleh, twenty-seventh 

 Memluk sultan of Egypt. 



"The same year" (voyag. Belg.), by the kings of England, France, and the duke of Burgundy, 

 Guillebert de Lannoy sent as "ambassador" for the purpose of ascertaining the condition of Syria 

 and Egypt. Journeying by land, the king of Poland added letters of recommendation to the Turkish 

 sultan, formerly an ally in warring against Hungary. Before reaching the frontier, the sultan's death 

 induced Lannoy to turn Eastward, and under the protection of the duke of Lithuania, travel among 

 the Tartars of the Lower Dnieper. He maintained throughout the character of "ambassador ; " and 

 from the Crimea, proceeded by sea. Ambassadors had previously been sent by European potentates 

 only to Christian and friendly nations ; and Lannoy's mission is therefore regarded as the beginning 

 of diplomacy. — The political relation of Lannoy is further illustrated, by the duke of Burgundy 

 sending him seven years afterwards to the king of Bohemia and the duke of Austria, To negotiate 

 respecting the followers of Huss in Hungary. 



"The same year" (Alst.), Mohammed succeeded by his son Murad II., eighth Turkish sultan. 

 Thlaspi arvense of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain Mithridate mustard, being 

 one of the seventy-two ingredients of a Mithridatic theriaca which gave rise to " the tales so popular 

 in the middle ages of sorcerers eating poisons," — and "was used as a vermifuge, and retained" till 

 about a hundred years ago in the London Pharmacopeia (Prior) : T. arvense is described by Gerarde 

 p. 206 ; is termed " t. arvense siliquis latis " by Tournefort inst. 212 ; is known to occur in Italy and 

 throughout middle Europe (Pers., and A. Dec), but is regarded by Watson as exotic in Britain and 

 introduced. Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp at the base of mount Haemus and around Con- 

 stantinople ; and is known to occur in the Tauro-Caspian countries (A. Dec), and as far as Yeso in 

 Northern Japan (Siebold). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it was 

 observed by myself at Tadousac on the Lower St. Lawrence ; is known to occur also within the limits 

 of the United States (Beck., and Torrey). 



Filago Gallica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. With other species called in Brit- 

 ain hoarwort, and the "horworte" of ms. Bodley, or "horwort" of gloss. Arundel 42, — is referred 

 here by Cockayne : F. Gallica is described by Morison vii. pi. 11 ; is termed "f. vulgaris tenuissimo 

 folio erecta " by Tournefort inst. 454 ; and is known to grow in gravelly soil throughout middle 

 Europe (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.) ; but in Britain, where it was observed in cultivated ground by Ray 

 p. 181, and has since made its appearance in other localities, is regarded by Watson as exotic (A. 

 Dec). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to the 

 Greek islands. 



" 1422 A. D." (art de verif.), Mohammed Saleh succeeded by Barsebay El-Aschraf, twenty- 

 eighth Memluk sultan of Egypt. The mosque bearing his name at Cairo, was built by Barsebay El- 

 Aschraf : who also carried on war in the Mediterranean against the Franks or Europeans. 



Celastrus edulis of Tropical Arabia. Prior to the introduction of coffee, the use of " cafta '' or 

 "kat" established in Yemen by Ali Schadheli ben Omar — (Fakhr-eddin Mekki, Abd-alkader, and 

 De Sacy chrest.) : C. edulis, a tree called "gat" or "kat," was observed by Forskal in Yemen, culti- 

 vated in the same gardens with coffee, and various virtues attributed to the leaves which are eaten 

 with avidity by the Arabs : the use of " kat " as a masticatory was witnessed by myself at Mocha, 

 fresh branches being brought every morning from the mountains. 



"The same year" (voyag. Belg.), in Egypt, Lannoy found circumcision practised among the 

 Jacobite Christians or the Copts. And at Cairo, met with merchants of Hindustan, and even a patri- 

 arch from that country. 



"The same year (= 1460 of the era of Csesar," Major pr. H. 66), the Christian era for "all pub- 

 lic ordinances " adopted by king John of Portugal. 



" The same year " (Clavig., and Humb. atl. pict.), end of the reign of Chimalpopoca. — He was 

 succeeded in the following year by Itzcoatl, fourth Mexican emperor. 



" In this year (= 825 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Firuz succeeded by Ahmed, now ninth Bahmani 

 king of the Deccan. 



" 1423 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Treves ; and another, at Sienna. Against heretics. 



" 1425 A. D. = 'houng-hi,' 1st year of Jin-tsoung-tchang-ti " or Jin-tsoung III., "of the Ming" 

 or twenty-third dynasty — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). 



As early perhaps as this date (G. de la Veg. vii), under the direction of the Inca Yupanqui, Chili 

 conquered by the Peruvian general Chinchiruca ; and the bounds of the empire extended Southward 

 from Atacama to Copayapu eighty leagues, thence to Cuquimpu eighty, thence to Chili fifty-five, 



