OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 813 



Allium obliquum of Siberia. From early times cultivated on the Tobol as a substitute for 

 garlic, — observed wild there by Pallas iii. 55 ; also in Siberia by Gmelin i. pi. 9. 



Allium angulosum of Siberia. Called on the Upper Yenisei " mischei-tschesnok '' mouse-gar- 

 lic, and from early times collected and salted for winter use, — observed by Pallas iv. 426 ; and in 

 Siberia by Gmelin i. pi. 14. Westward, is described by Bauhin hist. ii. pi. 564; and is known to 

 occur in Germany (Jacq. austr. v. pi. 423, and Pers.). 



Potentilla fruticosa of Northern climates. A shrub three feet high called in Siberia " Kouril- 

 skoi-tchai " Kurile tea, and its leaves from early times used by the peasants and Tartars as a substi- 

 tute for tea,* — observed by Pallas iii. 394 to . . . around Lake Baical ; by Gmelin, throughout Siberia ; 

 by Bieberstein, on mount Alwar in Armenia ; and known to grow from Sweden to Ireland and Swit- 

 zerland (Engl. bot. pi. 88, and Wats.). Westward, was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland; by 

 myself, along the Atlantic as far as 42 , abounding especially on the hills of Western Massachusetts ; 

 by Torrey, as far as 41° on the Hudson ; by Pursh, from Canada to the mountains of New York and 

 New Jersey ; by Lewis and Clark, and E. James, on the Rocky mountains; and was received by 

 Hooker from Bear Lake river and Kotzebue Sound. 



" March 1st to April 23d" (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. Rules were made, On "the celebration of 

 Sunday ; " the expenses of banns of marriage ; and prohibiting the " Feast of fools," an absurd cere- 

 mony " established in the church of Paris about the end of the Twelfth century." 



" In this year (= 833 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), by Ahmed Shah of Guzerat, expedition by sea 

 to recover the coast-islands of Bombay and Salsette, seized by the Bahmani king in attempting to 

 subdue the Concan. The Bahmani king was driven out, but remained hostile. 



1430 A. D. (= " 1355 an. jav.," Raffles x.), birth of Raden Paku or Sunan Giri, son of the 

 daughter of the chief of Balambangan by the Arab missionary Mulana Ishak also called Mulana Alul 

 Islam. The child was conveyed to Gresik in Java and placed under the charge of Niai Gedi Pinateh, 

 a woman of rank banished from Kamboja to whom refuge had been granted by the Javan king. 



"In this year" (Velasco, and Markh.), Atauchi Duchicala succeeded by Hualcopo Duchicala, 

 now fourteenth scyri of Quito. 



" The same year " (Colebrooke as. res. vii. p. — ), Vrihaspati surnamed Mucuta commenting on the 

 Amera-cosha. 



Strychnos colubrina of Southern Hindustan. Called in Telinga " naga musadi," in Bengalee 

 " koochila-luta " (Lindl ), and included perhaps by the commentator on the Amara-cosha — (see W. 

 Jones as. res. iv. p. 128) : S. colubrina is described by Rumphius ii. pi. 37 ; was observed in Hindus- 

 tan by Rheede viii. pi. 24, and Roxburgh; by Graham, "a large scandent shrub by means of tendrils" 

 found by Nimmo in the Southern Concan : the wood of its root is considered an infallible remedy for 

 the bite of the naga or cobra de capella and of every other venomous snake, is therefore the most 

 esteemed kind of lignum colubrinum, and brings such high prices among the natives as rarely to find 

 its way to Europe (Roxb., and Lindl.). 



" 1431, March 3d to 6th " (Alst, and Nicol.), Martinus III. succeeded by cardinal Gabriel Condul- 

 mier, now Eugenius IV., fifty-third pope. Charles VII. . . ruling France ; and Henry VI., England. 



" July 23d " (Nicol.), " Eighteenth general ecclesiastical Council." Convened at Basle. The 

 kinsmen of the pope and cardinals were excluded from the cardinalship. The festival of the Concep- 

 tion and Visitation was ordained. And the Council continued in session " eleven years, nine months, 

 and seventeen days " (Alst.). 



"In this year" (see Galvan.), Spain and Portugal disputing the possession of the Canary Islands, 

 the controversy was decided by pope Eugenius IV. in favour of Spain. 



"The same year" (Martin Behaim in voyag. Belg., and Major pr. H. 131), under instructions 

 from prince Henry of Portugal, Gonzalo Velho Cabral re-discovering Formigas, and as the birds there 

 made no attempts te escape, named it the " Hawks " or Azores — (a condition of things witnessed by 

 myself on uninhabited islands). In " 1432" a second island was re-discovered and named Santa 

 Maria : and " in 1449 " (Galvan.), Alfonso V. gave license to his uncle prince Henry to people the 

 Azores, "which were long before discouered." 



* Pyrola uniflom of Northern climates. Called around Lake Baical " killereka," and from early 

 times used medicinally and as a substitute for tea- (Pall. iv. 409) : observed by Gmelin throughout 

 Siberia • by Pallas, in woods around Lake Baical ; by Chamisso, in East Siberia. Westward, is 

 described by C Bauhin pin. 191 ; is known to grow on the Pyrenees and mountains of Switzerland, 

 and from Flanders (Dec.) to Lapland (Engl. bot. pi. 146, fl. Dan. pi. 8, and Wats.) Farther West, in 

 Greenland (Wats ) ■ was observed by Lapylaie on Newfoundland ; by myself, in deep shade from 48 

 on the Lower St. Lawrence to 42° along the Atlantic ; by Pursh, from Canada to New York State ; 

 was received by A. Gray from Pennsylvania and Lake Superior ; and was observed by Mertens at 

 Norfolk Sound. 



