822 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



observed by Flacourt i. 36. 26 extremely abundant' on the Northern portion of the island, and identi- 

 fied by him with the " cardamomum maius " of European drug-shops ; observed also on Madagascar 

 by Sonnerat ii. pi. 137 (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, ob- 

 served under cultivation there by Bojer. The seeds according to J. E. Smith have none of the vehe- 

 ment hot acrid taste of grains-of-paradise (Lindl.). 



I'ahea gummifcra of Madagascar. A woody Apocynous vine called " voua-he"ne7' — observed 

 by Bojer around Tamatave in the extensive forest along Ivoundrou river, yielding caoutchouc abun- 

 dantly. By European colonists, the plant carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there : and 

 from transported specimens, described by Poiret enc. suppl v. 409 (Boj , and Lindl.). 



" 1449 A. D. (Churchill coll.), Gonsalo Velio visiting the Azores, found no inhabitants ; but dis- 

 covered the statue of a man on horseback, pointing with his right hand West, and some characters 

 not understood carved on the rock beneath. — Since ascertained to be one of the islands presenting 

 some general resemblance to such a statue (Humb.). 



"The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Matthjeus Palmerius. 



" Towards the middle of the 15th century " (biogr. univ. and O. S. 148), Cuba at Salerno, where 

 he had a greenhouse, writing the Ortus Sanitatis. — The edition of 1485 is enumerated by Sprengel 

 as the "third." 



Cassia sophera of Tropical Asia. Called in Egypt " soffeyr ; " in which we recognize the 

 "suffire" of the Ortus Sanitatis 334, — and "sophera" of Honorius Bellus (Spreng.) : C. sophera 

 was observed by A.pinus, Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt ; and farther South, by 

 Browne in Darfour. Eastward, by Rheede ii. pi. 52 in Malabar ; by Graham "common in unculti- 

 vated places during the rains " as far as Bombay ; by Roxburgh, as far as Bengal ; by Burmann pi. 

 98, in Ceylon; by Mason, indigenous in Burmah. 



Veronica hederafolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain henbit or 

 morgeliiieirova the French, in medieval Latin "mors gallinae " (Prior): the "morsus gallinas " is 

 mentioned in the Ortus Sanitatis 301: — V. hederifolia is termed "v. cymbalariae folio verna " by 

 Tournefort inst. 145 ; and is known to occur in waste and cultivated ground throughout middle 

 Europe. Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople. 

 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in "shaded places, 

 Long Island to Pennsylvania, scarce" (A. Gray). 



Lamium amplexicanle of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain dead-nettle (Prior), in 

 Japan "mogura" or "irakusa" (Thunb.), and the "urtica mortua " of the Ortus Sanitatis — may be 

 compared: L. amplexicaule is termed "1. folio caulem ambiente minus" by Tournefort inst. 1S4; 

 and is known to grow in Barbary, the Canaries, and throughout middle Europe as far as Moscow and 

 Sweden (Munby, Benth., and Fries). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in South- 

 ern Greece; by Delile, in cultivated ground at Damietta in Egypt; is known to grow around Cau- 

 casus, in Siberia as far as Lake Baikal, in Persia, Cabul, and throughout the whole range of the 

 Himalaya mountains (Ledeb., and Benth.) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan, frequent in culti- 

 vated ground. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to grow 

 in waste places, and (according to Hooker, and A. Decandolle) from Canada to Louisiana. 



" In this year" (Burm. hist., and Mason 51), Bhuren-Narapadi still reigning in Ava, unsuccess- 

 ful attempt by the Chinese to capture Monhyin and Mogaung. 



" 1450 A. D. = 1st year of King-ti," acting Chinese emperor; his brother Vng-tsoung III. having 

 been taken prisoner in Tartary. 



"In this year" (Remus, trav. C. Zeno 5), Giausa or Jehan Shah, king of Persia, defeated 

 and dethroned by Hassan Beg; who from this time was called Uzun Hassan (the tall king, transl. 

 Grey). 



"1451, Feb. 8th " (Nicol.), a synod at Saltzburg. On the reformation of the monasteries of 

 that province. 



"In this year" (ann. Jap. transl. Tits., and San-kokf transl. Klapr.), first arrival in Japan of 

 people of the Loo Choo Islands. — They have continued to come to the present day for purposes of 

 traffic. 



"In this year (= 855 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Mohammed Shah succeeded by Kutb Shah, now 

 fourth Muslim king of Guzerat. 



" 1452 A. D." (Alst. p. 226 and 307), Murad II. succeeded by his son Mohammed II., ninth 

 Turkish sultan. Who before the close of the year captured and laid waste Athens. 



"On the clay of Pentecost" (Nicol.), a synod at Magdeburg. "For the reformation of the 

 canons regular." 



"In this year (= 3d year king-thai," Remus, iii. 97 to 99), an ambassador with tribute sent to 

 China from Cambodia. 



" 1453 A. D." (Blair), English power in France terminated by the battle at Castillon. 



