OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 823 



"The same year" (art de verif.), Djakmak succeeded by Othman El-Mansur; and before the 

 close of the year, by Ynal, thirty-second Memluk sultan of Egypt. 



" In this year" (Burm. hist., and Mason 27), Hattiraza with the title of Byanya reigning in Pegu. 



"The same year" (Alst. p. 307), Constantinople captured by the Turks under Mohammed II. 

 End of the Greek or Byzantine empire. 



1454 A. D. (="45 years after the death of Mulana Ibrahim," Raffles x.), in Java, death of 

 Niai Gedi Pinateh of Kamboja. (The date probably taken from her tomb at Gresik.) 



"1455, March 28th" (Major pr. H. 139 and edit. Bethenc. p. xxxiii), in a galley fitted out by 

 prince Henry and Vicente Dias appointed sailing captain, Vicente Cadamosto arriving at Madeira: 

 there were now four settlements on the island, including one at Camara dos lobos, eight hundred 

 armed men, and sawmills at the mouths of the principal streams. 



Continuing his voyage, Cadamosto touched at the Canary Islands and found Grand Canary, 

 Teneriffe, and Palma as yet unsubdued: there "were plenty of men of arms to defend them, and 

 the mountain heights were difficult of access." They " went naked, except some few who wore goats'- 

 skins," and "painted their bodies with the juice of herbs, green, red, and yellow, producing beautiful 

 devices;" "were wonderfully strong and active, could take enormous leaps, and throw with great 

 strength and skill ; " " had no fixed religion, but some worshipped the sun, some the moon, and 

 others the planets ; " and "when one of their chiefs came into possession of his estate," some self- 

 devoted victim would offer "to d;e in honour of the festival," and would throw "himself from a great 

 height into the valley." 



After discovering the Cape Verde Islands and visiting the mouth of the Senegal, Cadamosto 

 proceeded South to the " Gambra ; " but the natives proving hostile, returned. — On a subsequent 

 voyage, leaving in the "beginning of May," he went ten miles up the " Gambra," and found some of 

 the natives professing the Mahommedan religion. 



Psophocarpus telragonolobus of Equatorial Africa. Kidney beans of the finest quality observed 

 bv Cadamosto in Senegal, big as our long hazel nuts, speckled with variegated colours, in shape 

 broad low and of a lively red, some of them are white and beautiful (lond. coll. voy. 1789): the 

 "botor" — is also described by Adanson (Steud.). Eastward, P. tetragonolobus was observed by 

 Bojer naturalized along the margin of cultivated ground in the Mauritius Islands, and called "pois 

 Carre's:" by Graham, "commonly cultivated in gardens" at Bombay, and called "chandaree" or 

 "charputtee," or in English chevaux de frize bean; observed also by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other 

 parts of Hindustan. Farther East, enumerated by Mason v. p. 466 as "exotic" in Burmah, called 

 "pai-myeet," and the young pods "eaten like French beans: " described by Rumphius v. pi. 133: 

 observed by Blanco in the Philippines, called in Tagalo "calamismis," and the pods eaten both by 

 natives and Europeans. 



"Apr. 8th" (Alst, and Nicol.), Nicolaus V. succeeded by cardinal Alphonso Borgia, now 

 Calixtus III , fifty-fifth pope. 



"The same year" (Blair), in England, civil war. Henry VI. defeated and taken prisoner at 

 St. Albans, in the first battle between the " Houses of York and Lancaster." 



Helleborns viridis of the mountains of middle Europe. Called in Britain green hellebore (Prior), 

 and introduced from the neighbouring continent as early perhaps as this date, — no instance of its 

 spontaneous growth being known to Gerarde p. 825 : a century later, localities are mentioned by Ray 

 p. 271, and the plant has since become naturalized (Bromf.. and Wats.) : H. viridis is known to 

 occur also in Normandy and Holland (Hard., and prodr. fl. Bat.), and wild on the mountains of 

 Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 106, and Pers.), as far according to A. Decandolle g. b. p. 759 as Greece. 

 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has escaped from cultivation on 

 "Lone Island" near New York (A. Gray). "Said by Stevenson and Churchill to be the best sub- 

 stitute 5 ' for H. Orientalis, though less active," but according to Pereira "rarely or never employed" 



" 141:6 A. D." (J. R. Hind, and Humb. cosm. i. 1), the first cornel whose orbit has been calculated 

 solely from European observations. It is called " Halley's comet," and through its period of revolu- 

 tion — « 74> 9[ to 77, 58 yrs " is found to be identical with the comet of 1378 in the Chinese table, — 

 makin°- "nine" known returns down to 1835. 



"In this year" (H. H. Wils. dram. hind. i. p. xxii), accession of Praud'ha or Pratapa Deva as 

 king of Vijayanagar. — He reigned until " I477-" f c • ™ ♦ .• 



By his desire, Kallinatha wrote a comment on the Sangita-Ratnakara of Sarngi-Deva, a treatise 

 on singing and dancing and dramatic literature - (H. H. Wils.). 



"1457 A. D. = 'thian-chun,' the empire recovered by Yng-tsoung III," (Chinese chron. table). 



