OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 825 



crude, — may be compared : H. auricula was observed by Tragus i. pi. 92 in Germany, its distilled 

 water employed medicinally; is termed " h. pilosellas folio erectum minus " by Tournefort inst. 471 ; 

 is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 1044, Engl bot. pi. 2368, and 

 Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp near Constantinople and on the mountains of Greece. 



Gratiola officinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A species of water-hyssop 

 called in France "gratiole " (Nugent); described by J. J. de Manliis, — Baptista Sardus, and Anguil- 

 lara 268 (Spreng.) ; termed " gratiola quibusdam gratia dei " by Matthioli, " digitalis minima gratiola 

 dicta" by Tournefort inst. 165 ; seems unknown in Britain, though growing in moist situations from 

 Denmark and 58° in Russia to the Pyrenees (fl. Dan. pi. 363, Fries, and A. Dec.) Sardinia (Moris) 

 and Italy (Bertol.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard, from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor ; 

 by Grisebach, in Thrace ; and is known to grow as far as Turcomania and the Altaian mountains 

 (Ledeb.). 



Equisetum hyemale of Northern climates. Called in Britain scouring rush or shave-grass, in 

 Holland "schaaf-stroo" (Prior), in Germany " schaffthew " (Trag.), in France " pnfle " (Nugent); 

 and the "cauda caballina" used by turners for polishing cups is mentioned by J. J. de Manliis : — 

 E. hyemale is described by Tragus ii. pi. 46, Ruel iii. 97, and W. Coles (Eng. bot. pi. 915) ; is termed 

 " e. foliis nudum non ramosum " by Tournefort inst. 533 ; is known to grow in watery places from 

 Britain throughout middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia; was observed by Sibthorp on 

 the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, has been observed by myself from 43 in New England ; by A. 

 Gray, "common" in Central New York and "especially northward;" by Nuttall, along the Ohio, 

 Missouri, and Arkansas rivers. 



Equisetum palustre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Germany "klein 

 schaffthew" (Trag.), and another "tornatila aliquando asprella aliquando troxia " is mentioned by 

 J. J. de Manliis: — E. palustre was observed by Tragus ii. 47 in Germany, used also for scouring 

 cooking utensils ; is termed " e. palustre brevioribus setis " by Tournefort inst. 533 ; is known to 

 grow from Britain throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 2021) ; and was observed by Sibthorp, 

 and Bory, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 



"Aug. 19th or 27th" (Alst, and Nicol.), Calixtus III. succeeded by cardinal /Eneas Silvi 

 Piccolomini, now Pius II., fifty-sixth pope. He had written against the errors of the papacy, main- 

 taining the superiority of the general Councils ; but on being himself made pope, claimed the reverse. 

 Pius II. also wrote history. 



"In this year" (Klapr. note to San Kokf), in Japan, the city of Yedo founded by Oo-da-do-kwan. 



" 1459 A - D - (= 8(5 3 A - H -" of Ferisht., Elph ), Kutb Shah succeeded by Daud Shah, and after 

 "one week" by Mahmud Shah Begarra, — who proved one of the greatest of the kings of Guzerat 

 and reigned "fifty- two" years. 



" 1460 A. D." (Churchill coll.), Peter de Cintra and Suero de Costa sailed along the African 

 coast as far as the place named by them " Serra Leona." 



Pterocarpus erinaceus of Senegambia. A tree forty to fifty feet high in the woods of the Gambia 

 and in Senegal and called "wegne," the branches when wounded yielding "a red juice" that hardens 

 on exposure into " the real original gum kino of the shops " — (Lindl.). From transported specimens, 

 the tree is described by Lamarck pi. 602. 



Sterculia {Southwellta) tragacantha of Western Equatorial Africa. Yielding the African gum 

 tragacanth ; — and according to Lindley (bot. reg. pi. 1353, and nor. med.), "known at Sierra Leone 

 as the tragacanth tree," from the similarity of the gum "copiously exuded by it when wounded." 

 Eastward^ other species of Southwellia occur in Burmah ; where also, according to Mason v. p. 487, 

 there are several trees of the Sterculia tribe that "produce an exudation similar to tragacanth" (see 



" In this year" (Velasco, and Markh ), the forces of Quito defeated by the Inca Tupac Yupanqui : 

 who appointed new governors, and returned in triumph to Cuzco. 



" 1461 A. D." (Galvan.), by order of Alfonso V. of Portugal, the castle of Arguin built, and the 

 government assigned to Soeiro Mendez. 



" In this year" (art de verif), Ynal succeeded by Achmed Abu'l-Fetah, whose name occurs on a 

 coin figured in Marcel 185 ; and before the close of the year by Koschkadam, a Greek by birth, and 

 now thirty-fourth sultan of Egypt. 



" In this year" (Grey trans]. C Zeno 9), Trebizond, under David, the last of the Comnem, cap- 

 tured by the Turks : his niece, a Christian, was the wife of Hassan Beg, king of Persia 



"The same year" (Alst. p. 307), the Peloponnesus invaded by the Turks under Mohammed II. 

 — Who returned three years afterwards, with a large army. _ 



Dianthus oaroaJof Eastern Europe. Called in France « oe, let,'< and ea«^n.Wte 

 or William or from its fragrance sweet-william (Prior), in Greece "oussouvia (Forsk ) culuvated 

 as Tarhy probably as this date: -the "ocellum" from its odour called " garyophyllum ,s described 



104 



