OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 827 



Carduus tenuiflorus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A thistle called in Greece 

 "phithagkathos " (Fraas), and known from early times : — observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent 

 in Greece and on the Greek islands. Westward, is termed " c. acanthoides " by Tournefort inst. 440 ; 

 and is known to occur along roadsides and in waste ground as far as Britain (Curt. lond-. vi. pi. 55, 

 and Pers.). 



Specularia speculum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An annual called in Greece 

 "agria goulia" (Sibth.), and known from early times: — described by Dodoens pempt. 168 f., termed 

 " c. arvensis erecta" by Tournefort inst. 112, and known to occur in cultivated ground throughout 

 Europe (A. Dec. 523 and 759): observed by Forskal in meads near Marseilles ; by Sibthorp, and 

 Chaubard, frequent in vineyards and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands. 



Euphorbia palustris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A spurge called in Greece 

 " phlomos " (Sibth.), in Sweden " wargmiolk " (Linn.), and from early times employed medicinally : — 

 termed "tithymalus palustris fruticosus " by C. Bauhin pin. 292, and Tournefort inst. 87, "t. maxi- 

 mus oelandicus " by Rudbeck hort. 109, and known to grow from Sweden to the Mediterranean (Bul- 

 liard fr. pi. 87, and Pers.) : observed by Rudbeck, and Linnaeus, in marshy meads in Sweden, its root 

 sold in the drug-shops under the name of " esulas rad." ; by Sibthorp, growing in the marshes of Greece 

 and the Greek islands. 



Sternbergia lutea of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "agrio krino" or "agrio 

 lalSs " (Sibth.) as early probably as this date : — observed there and on the Greek islands by Sibthorp, 

 and Chaubard, said to tint the mountains yellow late in the autumn: known to grow also in Thrace 

 (Pers.). Westward, termed "colchicum luteum majus " by C. Bauhin pin. 60; " lilio-narcissus luteus 

 autumnalis major'' by Tournefort inst. 386; and known to grow in Italy and Spain (Pers.). 



Ophrys apifera of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bee-flower or bee- 

 orchis (Prior), in Greece " sarkinovotani " (Sibth.), and known from early times : — - described by 

 Fuchsius 559 (Spreng.) ; termed '-orchis fucum referens major foliolis superioribus candidis et pur- 

 purascentibus " by Tournefort inst. 433, and known to grow from Britain throughout middle Europe 

 (Engl. bot. pi. 383, and Pers.) : was observed by Tenore in Italy ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent 

 in the Peloponnesus. 



Ophrys txuthredinifera of the Mediterranean countries. Called on Cyprus " koris " (Sibth.), and 

 known from early times : — termed "orchis orientalis calyptra purpurea petalo inferiori atro-purpura- 

 scente scuto ferri equini forma" by Tournefort cor. 30; and observed by Sibthorp and Chaubard, 

 from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, was observed by Tenore in Italy ; by Desfon- 

 taines ii. 320 in Barbary. 



Allium rotunaum of the Mediterranean countries. A kind of wild leek called on Cyprus "agrio 

 prason" (Sibth.), and known from early times : — described by Clusius hist. i. pi. 195, termed "a. 

 montanum capite rotundo " by Tournefort inst. 384, and known to grow in Southern Europe (Pers ) : 

 observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus. 



Al.ium subhinmtum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "lukortha" or "agrio 

 prason" (Sibth.), and known from early times : —termed "moly" by Montigiano (Targ.), mentioned 

 also by Matthioli comm. 544 (Spreng.) ; observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in Greece 



from the Peloponnesus to Crete and Cyprus ; by in Egypt. Westward, is termed " a. angusti- 



folium umbellatum flore albo etiam flore carneo " by Tournefort inst. 385, and is known to grow in 

 Italy and Spain (Pers.). 



Allium chamae-moly of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " kalamolSghe " (Sibth.), 

 and known from early times : — observed by Sibthorp on Zacynthus. Westward, described by Columna 

 ecphr. pi. 326, termed "a. humilius folio gramineo " by Tournefort inst. 385, and known to grow in 

 Spain (Pers )'• was observed by Desfontaines i. 288 in Algeria, by Cavanilles iii. pi. 207 in Spain. 



Lycoperdon bovista of Northern climates. Called in Britain fuss-balls ox fist-balls or bull-fist, in 

 France " vesse," in medieval Latin " bovista" -(Prior), in Greece "alepopourthi " (Sibth.) : L. bovista 

 is termed "1 vulwe " by Tournefort inst. 563 ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout mid- 

 dle and Northern Europe (Bulliard herb. fr. pi. 447, and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp 

 frequent in the Peloponnesus. . . 



After continual eruptions for seven or eight years and "fourteen years before the invasion of 

 Huavna Capac son of the Inca Tupac Yupanqui " (tradition among the natives of the highlands of 

 Quito, Humb. cosm. v.), falling in of the dome of Capac-Urcu, a volcano previously higher than 



lm « iToTa D." (G. de la Vega), the hill of Potosi examined for silver by the Inca Huayna Capac, 

 but the search interrupted by subterranean noises (interpreted as prohibitory words). 



"In this year" (Talvi ii. 1), by Ivan Vasilievitch III. often called Ivan I., the Russians deliv- 

 ered from the bondage of the Tartars. He also "united Novogorod with his own princedom of 

 M'oscow." 



