828 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Carex vesicaria of Europe and Northern Asia. A large and conspicuous sedge called in Sweden 

 "blase-starr" or " Lappsko-starr," in Lapland " kappmocksuini," and from early times the dried 

 leaves placed by the Laplanders in their shoes against cold in winter and perspiration in summer — 

 (Linn.) : is termed "gramen cyperoides angustifolium spicis longis erectis " by C. Bauhin pin. 6 and 

 theatr. 84, '• g, c. majus precox spicis turgidis teretibus flavescentibus " by Morison iii. 8. pi. 12 ; and 

 is known to grow from Lapland to Ireland, Switzerland, Russia, and Siberia (fl. Dan. pi. 647, Leere pi. 

 16, Pers., and Wats.), also on Caucasus (Bieb.) : was observed by Linnaeus frequent in moist places 

 in Lapland and Sweden ; by Decandolle, in France ; by Savi, in Etruria ; and by Desfontaines, in 

 Barbary. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland; and according to J. Carey, grows in "Northern New 

 England ? and northward." 



Geranium sylvaticum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden "Abrams- 

 rot," in Lapland " gibber-gras " (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed " g. secunda batra- 

 choides " by Clusius pann. pi. 418, "g. batrachoides folio aconiti " by C. Bauhin pin. 317, and 

 Tournefort inst. 266, and known to grow from Lapland and Russia throughout middle Europe (Ray 

 hist. 1062, Engl. bot. pi. 121, and Pers.), also in North Africa (Wats.) : observed by Hooker in Ice- 

 land ; by Linnaeus, in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople ; by 

 Bieberstein, on Caucasus.* 



" The same year " (Alst. p. 450), end of the historical work on the Turks by Laonicus Chalcon- 

 dyles of Athens. — He died "about 1463." 



" The same year " (Blair), a printed volume first issued in Europe ; the Vulgate Bible. 



Angelica sylvestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain as in medie- 

 val Latin angelica (Prior); and the Saxon " lingwort " — is referred here by Bailey (Cockayne) : A. 

 sylvestris is described by Brunswvck as a remedy against the plague ; is named according to Fuch- 

 sius 126 from the sweet odour of its root and its great power over poisons ; is described also by Ruel 

 iii. 52, Tragus, and Dodoens pempt. pi. 315 ; is termed " imperatoria pratensis major " by Tournefort 

 inst. 317; is known to grow in the environs of Naples (Guss., and A. Dec), and throughout middle 

 Europe as far as Britain (Crantz, Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 1128). Eastward, was observed by Sib- 

 thorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus ; by Pallas 

 trav. i. 276, on the Lower Volga, the young stem eaten crude by the natives. ' Angelica '' root was 

 observed by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt. 



Lycopsis arvensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The Saxon " oxtongue " — is 

 referred here by Cockayne : L. arvensis is described by Parkinson, and Ray p. 224, and is regarded 

 as introduced into Britain (A. Dec.) ; is known to occur also in Italy (Bertol. ). and from the base of 

 the Pyrenees chiefly in cultivated ground throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland 

 (fl. Lapp. 77, fl. Dan. pi. 435, Pers., Noulet, and Laterr.). Eastward, was observed by Gittard in the 

 Peloponnesus (Chaub.) ; and is known to occur throughout Russia, and as far as Caucasus (Bieb., 

 and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to 

 occur sparingly in waste and cultivated ground from New England to Virginia (A. Gray, and myself). 



Hyacinthus (Agraphis) nutans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Scot- 

 land hare-bell, in Britain blue-bell (Prior), and the Saxon " bluebells " — is referred here by Cockayne : 

 A. nutans is described by Clusius hist. i. p. 177, and Parkinson par. ; is known to grow in Italy, Spain, 

 and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Blackw. pi. 61, Thuil., Engl. bot. pi. 377, and Pers.). 

 Eastward, is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb., and Steud.).f 



* Mulgcdium ? alpinum of Subarctic Europe and Asia ami mountains farther South. Called in 

 Sweden " tota " or " tolta," in Lapland "jerja," and from early times its stems peeled and eaten crude 

 by the Laplanders — (Linn.) : termed " sonchus caeruleus " by Camerarius epit. 281, "s. laevis laci- 

 niatus casruleus vel s. alpinus caeruleus " by C. Bauhin pin. 124, and known to grow on the mountains 

 of Northern Europe and of Switzerland (Bauh. hist. ii. [006, fl. Dan. pi. 182, Smith brit. ii. 815, Pers., 

 and Wats.) : observed by Linnaeus on the flanks of the mountains of Lapland, frequent in shaded 

 situations and often as tall as a man ; by Pallas, on the Ural. 



A/ulgcdium t Sibericum of Subarctic climates. From early times the weather prognosticated by 

 the closing of its flowers — (Linn.): termed " lactuca salicis folio flore caeruleo " by Amman 211; 

 received by Linnaeus from Northern Sweden, Lapland, and Finland ; and observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 3 

 in Siberia. Farther East, according to Hooker, grows from 66° to the mouth of the Columbia and 

 Lake Huron. 



f Campanula rotundifolia of Subarctic climates. The blue-bell of Scotland (Prior) so-called 

 as early probably as this date : — C. rotundifolia is described by Lobel pi. 321 ; is termed "c minor 

 rotundifolia vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. in ; is known to grow on the mountains of Switzerland, 

 and from France throughout Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (All., Lam. fl. fr., Pers. 



