834 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



As early as this year (see addit. art de verif.), the Quito district invaded by Huayna Capac, sent 

 by his father the Inca Tupac Yupanqui. — After "three years " resistance, the country was subdued : 

 great buildings were erected by the Inca and his son, which the natives called Quito, " whence the city 

 took its name" (Ciez. xl). 



By means of a system of posts at intervals of half a league, verbal messages were transmitted by 

 runners in "eight days" from Quito to Cuzco, a distance of "six hundred leagues "— (Ciez. xli, 

 and xlii). 



"1473 A. D." (Alst. p. 308, and C. Zeno if>), the Persian king having crossed the Euphrates, 

 finally defeated by the Turks under Mohammed II. ; and compelled to retire. 



"The same year (Nicol.), a synod at Madrid. "To remedy the ignorance of the Spanish clergy, 

 scarcely one of whom understoofl Latin." 



"The same year" (Blair), the study of the Greek language brought into France by Gregoras 

 Tiphernas. 



" 1474 A. D." (Stanley edit. Barb. 50 and 69), returning with a Persian ambassador, Josafa Bar- 

 bara arriving at the court of the Persian king Assambei or Hassan Beg. — He remained in Persia 

 "five years." 



" In this year " (Burm. hist., and Mason 27), Ooparaza with the title of Dhammawatie reigning in 

 Pegu. 



" In or about 1475 A. D. (= 1400 an. jav.," Raffles ix to xi, Crawfurd gives 1478) in Java, capture 

 and destruction of Majapahit by Muslim converts under prince Raden Fatah. The seat of govern- 

 ment was now removed to Demak, Mohammedanism becoming the established religion. 



"In or about 1475 A. D." (Garc. de la Vega, the addit. art de verif. giving "7523 — his 42d 

 year" = 14S2), Tupac Yupanqui succeeded by his son Huayna Capac, now twelfth Inca of Peru. 



Huayna Capac went beyond his father, and declared, That the sun must have a "Lord more 

 powerful than himself, who orders him to make this journey, day by day, without resting." The new 

 saying of the Inca was regarded by the natives as " of evil omen, as well as his freedom in gazing at 

 the Sun " — (Acosta, and G. de la Vega ix 10). 



" 1476 A. D." (Alst., and Blair), in Switzerland, the invading Burgundians under Charles the 

 Bold defeated. 



"In this year" (Humb., and Major 2d edit. Columb. p. xxix), John Szkolny, a Polish pilot in 

 the service of Christian II. of Denmark, visiting Greenland. He is said to have seen a country 

 beyond. 



Parnassia palustris of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain grass of Par7iassns (Prior), in 

 Sweden " slotter-blomster " or "harnacker" or "flenort" or "hwit-wisil " or " hiarteblad " (Linn.), 

 and from early times employed medicinally, and sold in drug-shops under the name of " hepaticas 

 albae : " — termed "gramen parnassium" by Dodoens pempt. 5(4, "p. palustris et vulgaris " by Tour- 

 nefort inst. 246, and known to grow from Lapland throughout middle Europe (C. Bauhin pin. 309, fl. 

 Dan. pi. 584, Engl. bot. pi. 84, and Pers.), and even in North Africa (Wats.) : was observed by Lin- 

 nasus in Sweden, abounding in moist meads ; by Sibthorp, on the Bithvnian Olympus ; by Bieberstein, 

 on the subalpine portion of Caucasus; by Pallas, between the Yenisei and Lake Baical. Westward, 

 by Hooker in Iceland ; by Drummond, at 54 near Fort Cumberland on the Saskatchewan ; grows 

 according to A. Gray on the "shore of Lake Superior, Upper Michigan, and northward ; " according 

 to Hooker, in Labrador, Newfoundland, and throughout Canada to the Arctic Circle and Rocky moun- 

 tains ; was observed by Chamisso from Escholtz Bay to Bering's Straits (Schlecht.). 



Dianthus armeria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain maiden or 

 Deplford pink (Prior), in Gothland "sarons blomster" (Linn.), and known from early times: — 

 termed "armeria sylvestris altera" by Lobel pi. 448, "viola barbata angustifolia ' by Dalechamp 

 810, " cariophyllus barbatus sylvestris" by C. Bauhin pin. 208, and Tournefort inst. 333, and known 

 to grow in barren soil from Sweden throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 230, Engl. bot. pi. 317, and 

 Pers.),: observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, in cultivated as well as sterile soil as far as Scania ; by Sib- 

 thorp, in Greece. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast .America; observed by myself in 

 the environs of Salem, Mass., and according to A. Gray occurs also in Pennsylvania. 



Lepidium campestre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden " konung 

 Salomons ljusstake " or by the Ostrogoths "stillfro" (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed 

 "t. latifolium" by Fuchsius 306, "t. arvense vaccarias incano folio majus " by C. Bauhin pin. 106, 

 " t. vulgatius " by Tournefort inst. 212, described also by Anguillara 171, and known to occur in culti- 

 vated and fallow ground throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. v. pi. 45, and Pers.) : observed by 

 Hooker in Iceland ; by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, around Constantinople ; and by Bieberstein, 

 along the Taurian mountains. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 

 occurs in "fields, sparing from Massachusetts to Delaware" (A. Gray). 



Geranium sanguineum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden " orm- 



