OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 835 



gras " (Linn.), and known from early times : —termed "g. septimum nematodes " by Clusius hist. 

 11. 202, "g. s. maximo flore " by C. Bauhin pin. 318, and Tourn. inst. 267, and known to grow through- 

 out middle Europe (fl. Dan. 1107, Engl. bot. pi. 272, and Pers.) : observed by Linnseus. in Sweden; 

 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to mount Hajmus and Constantinople. 



Orobus vermis of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden by the 

 Ostrogoths "krakarter," and from early times furnishing the "orobi farina" of the drug-shops — 

 (Linn.) : termed '• o. sylvaticus vernus " by Thalius here. pi. 6, "o. pannonicus primus " by Clusius 

 hist. li. 230, "o s. purpureus vernus " by C. Bauhin pin. 351, and Tournefort inst. 393, and known to 

 grow in woods throughout middle Europe (Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, 

 on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus. 



Orobus Niger of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden "wipp-arter" 

 (Linn.), and known from early times :— termed "astragaloides " by Dodoens pempt. 551, " o. panno- 

 nicus secunda " by Clusius hist. ii. 230, "o. sylvaticus viciae foliis " by C. Bauhin pin. 352, and 

 Tournefort inst. 393, and known to grow throughout middle Europe (Rivin. tetr. pi. 60, fl. Dan. pi. 

 1 170, and Pers.) : observed by Linnajusjn Sweden, its root sweet and the plant turning black in dry- 

 ing ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to mount Hsmus and Constantinople. 



Vicia sepium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden "tranarter" (Linn.), 

 and known from early times : — mentioned by Fuchsius 1 10, and Matthioli : termed "v. s. perennis " 

 by Bauhin hist. ii. 313, "v. s. folio rotundiore acuto semine nigro " by Tournefort inst. 397, and 

 known to occur in hedges throughout middle Europe (C. Bauhin pin. 345, Rivin. tetr. 56, fl. Dan. pi. 

 699, Engl. bot. pi. 1515, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, in hedges and shaded situa- 

 tions; by Sibthorp, in woods on Cyprus. 



Viola hirta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A vernal species called in Sweden 

 " buske-fioler " (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed "viola" by Brunfels pi. 137, "v. 

 martia major hirsuta inodora" by Morison ii. 5. pi. 35, and known to grow throughout middle Europe 

 (Ray hist. 1051, Curt. lond. i. pi. 64, fl. Dan. pi. 618, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; 

 by Sibthorp, on mount Athos. 



Lithosper7iium arvense of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden 

 "hoorletta" or "sminckrot" (Linn.), and its root from early times used by Northern maidens to paint 

 their faces: — termed "anchusa arvensis minor facie milii solis" by Tabernaemontanus pi. 849, "litho- 

 spermum arvense radice rubra" by C. Bauhin pin. 258, "echioides flore albo " byJRivinus mon. 9; 

 was already in Britain in the Sixteenth century (Park, theatr. 433), but as in Italy, Sicily, and Alge- 

 ria, only in cultivated ground (Tourn. inst. 134, and A. Dec.) : was observed by Linnaeus in rye 

 fields as far as Lapland ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, Fraas, Reut. and Margot, frequent in cultivated 

 ground in Greece, but no native name given ; by Grisebach, to all appearance wild in Thrace, as pro- 

 bably in the Crimea and on the Talysch mountains (Bieb., Mey., and Hohen) ; was observed by 

 Thunberg in Japan. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, occurring according 

 to A. Gray on ' sandy banks and road-sides, New England to Pennsylvania and Michigan ; " according 

 to Chapman in "cultivated grounds and waste places, Florida, and northward." 



Campanula glomerata of Europe and the adjoining poriion of Asia. Called in Sweden " mosis- 

 roser '' (Linn.), and known from early times: * — termed "cervicaria minor " by Dodoens pempt. 164, 



* Linnaa borealis of Subarctic climates. Called in Sweden " windgras " or " benwarksgras " or 

 " torrwarksgras " or " klagras " or "hwita klacker," in Norway " norrislegrass," and from early times 

 used medicinally — (Linn.) : termed "obolaria" by Siegesbect prim. 79, "campanula serpyllifolia" by 

 Bauhin hist. ii. 816. "nummularia norwegica repens folio dentato floribus gemin s" by Petiver mus. 

 787, and known to »row from Lapland throughout Northern Europe and Siberia as far as the Altaian 

 mountains (fl. Dan. pi. 3, Pers., Dec, and Wats.), also on the mountains of Switzerland (Scheuch, 

 alp. 131 to 454, Hall. helv. 608, Seguier veron. i. 182, and A. Dec): was observed by Rudbeck, 

 Celsius, and Linnaeus, in Lapland and Sweden ; is known to grow in Scotland (Dec), and in Meck- 

 lembourf in Prussia (A. Dec). Westward, according to Decandolle, grows in Newfoundland, 

 Canada, and as far as Unalaska ; according to Hooker, from the Arctic Circle to the Columbia and 

 Kotzebue Sound ; according to Watson, on the Aleutian Islands ; was observed by Mertens at Nor- 

 folk Sound ; by Nuttall, along Lake Huron ; by Pursh, from Wiscasset in Maine to the mountains of 

 New York and Pennsylvania; by myself, from 45° to 42 along the Atlantic, but according to A. 

 Gray, grows in New Jersey and along the Alleghanies as far as Maryland. 



Sparganium natans of Subarctic climates. Called in Smoland " flotagrses," and from early times 

 sought for by cattle and horses, and regarded as indicating the presence of fishes — (Linn.) : was 

 observed by Linnseus only in Smoland, Norland, and the woody portion of Lapland, growing outside 

 of other aquatic plants in water more than six feet deep; by Hudson, in Britain (Steud); and is 



