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CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Orchis militaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain military orchis 

 (Prior), in different parts of Sweden "gulltuppor '' or "Johannis nycklar " (Linn.), and known from 

 early times : — termed "o. maslatifolia" by Fuchsius 554, •' cynosorchis latifolia hiante cucullo major" 

 by C. Bauhin pin. 80, and known to grow in meads throughout middle Europe (Tourn. inst. 432, Jacq. 

 rar. pi. 598, Rudb. elys. ii. pi. 185, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Gothland and O eland ; by 

 Herbert, in England (A. Dec), by Yaillant pi. 31, in the environs of Paris; by Haller pi. 2S, in 

 Switzerland; and by Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople. 



Orchis it/'^ra of Northern Europe and mountains farther South. Called in Switzerland "jalousie," 

 in Jemtia in Sweden "brunkulla," and its flowers used there from early times to colour ardent spirits 

 — (Linn.) : the plant is termed "o. palmata angustifolia alpina nigro flore " by C. Bauhin pin. 86, 

 and Tournefort inst. 436 "satyrium foliis linearibus" by Royer lugd. 14, "s. nigrum" by Linnaeus: 

 is known to grow in Denmark and on the mountains of middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 368, and 

 Pers.): was observed by Rudbeck elys. ii. pi. 217, and Linnaeus, in Sweden; by Haller pi. 27, on 

 the Alps of Switzerland ; by Sibthorp, on the mountains of the Peloponnesus. 



Ophrvs muscifera of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain fly orchis 

 (Prior), in Sweden "flugblomster" (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed "orchis myodes 

 prima floribus muscani exprimens " by Lobel pi. 381 : described also by Dodoens . 237 (Spreng.), 

 C. Bauhin pin. S3, and Tournefort inst. 434, and known to grow throughout middle Europe (Engl, 

 bot. pi. 04, Vaill. pi. 31, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus as far as Oeland ; by Haller pi. 24, in 

 Switzerland ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 



Luzula piii»a of Northern climates. A leafy rush called in Sweden '• il-togh " (Linn.), and 

 known from early times : — termed "gramen nemorosum hirsutum latifolium majus " by C. Bauhin 

 pin. 7 and theatr. 101, "j. nemorosus latifolius major" by Tournefort inst. 246, and known to grow 

 from Lapland to the Mediterranean (Curt. lond. ii. pi. 19, Hoffm germ. 16S, Pers., and Wats.) : 

 observed by Rudbeck elys. i. pi. 63, and Linnaeus, in Lapland and Sweden ; by Decandolle, in France ; 

 by Savi, in Etruria; by Desfontaines, on the Atlas mountains (A. Dec.) ; by Sibthorp, and Chau- 

 bard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Thunberg, in Japan. Westward, by Hooker in 

 Iceland ; is known to grow also in Greenland and Labrador (Wats), and as far as the Saskatchewan 

 (Hook.); according to A Gray, is " common northward;" is attributed by Muhlenberg to Pennsyl- 

 vania, and by Chapman to the "mountains of North Carolina." 



'Juuciis sqiiiirroms of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A leafless rush called in Sweden 

 "borst-togh" (Linn), known there from early times as indicating turfy and sterile soil: — termed 

 "gramen junceum foliis et spica junci " by C. Bauhin pin. 5 and theatr. 78, " j. montanus palustris " 

 by Tournefort inst. 247, and known to grow from Lapland throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 430, 

 Enyl. bot. pi. 933, and Pers.): was observed by Hooker in Iceland; bv Linnaeus, in Lapland and 

 Sweden ; by Loesel, in Prussia; by Sestini, in the environs of Constantinople (Sibth.). 



Jhiichs arliculatus of Europe and Northern Asia. A rush called in Sweden " ryll-togh " (Linn.), 

 and known from early times: — termed "gramen junceum folio articulato aquaticum " bv C. Bauhin 

 pin. 5 and prodr. 12. "j. foliis articulosis floribus umbellatis" by Tournefort inst. 247, and known 

 to grow in watery places from Lapland throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 238, and Pers): 

 was observed by Linnaeus along the margin of rivers and lakes in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, 

 frequent in wet places along rills on the Creek islands ; by Cmelin, in Russia and throughout Siberia. 

 Westward, by Hooker in Iceland; but probably by European colonists carried to New England, 

 observed by myself along roadsides in Western Massachusetts ; and according to A. Gray, occurs 

 in "wet places, Rhode Island to Lake Huron, and northward, the genuine European form received 

 from " Olney and Sartwell. "J. lamprocarpus," described by Ehrhart, figured in Engl. bot. pi. 2143, 

 and observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, is by some writers regarded as not distinct. 



Carex muricata of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Sweden " pigg-starr " (Linn.), and 

 known from early times: — termed "gramen nemorosum spicis parvis asperis " by C. Bauhin pin. 7 

 and theatr. 100, "carex spicis brevibus echinatis sessilibus distinctis " by Haller 245 ; and known 

 to grow throughout middle Europe (Ray hist. 1298, Scheuchz. 485 pi. 11, and Pers.), also along the 

 Taurian mountains (Bieb.), and in Siberia (Wats.) : was observed by Linnaeus in Sweden and 

 especially in Norland ; by Brotero, near Beira in Portugal ; by Desfontaines, in Barbary. West- 

 ward, by Hooker in Iceland ; but probably by European colonists was carried to Northeast America, 

 was observed by Pursh in the State of New York; and according to J. Care)-, occurs in "fields, 

 Masstchusetts (introduced?), Ohio, and Kentucky, rare." 



Carex p.illcsccns of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden "blek-starr" 

 (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed "cyperoides polystachion flavicans spicis brevibus 

 prope summitatem caulis " by Plukenet aim. pi. 34, and Tournefort inst. 530 : known to grow from 

 Lapland throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 1060, Engl. bot. pi. 2185, and Pers.), also in Russia 

 and Siberia (Wats.) ; was observed by Rudbeck elys. i. pi. 54, and Linnaeus, in Lapland and Sweden; 



