OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 8 "9 



by Decandolle, in France ; by Savi, on the Appenines ; by Sibthorp, in a grove not far from Con- 

 stantinople. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland ; but clearly by European colonists was carried to 

 New England, observed by myself in both Eastern and Western Massachusetts, by Dewey in West- 

 ern Massachusetts, by Torrey on the highlands along the Hudson, occurs according to J. Carey in 

 " Pennsylvania, and northward " (A. Gray), and seems completely naturalized. 



Carex hirta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden " grus-starr " (Linn.), 

 and known from early times: — termed "gramen spicatum foliis et spicis hirsutis mollibus " by C. 

 Bauhin theatr. 48, "cyperoides polystachion lanuginosum " by Tournefort inst. 529; and known to 

 grow from Sweden and Russia throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 685, Pers., and Wats.), and 

 as far as the Taurian mountains (Bieb.) ; was observed by Hooker in Iceland ; by Linnaeus, in Swe- 

 den ; by Sibthorp and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 



Carex elongata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A sedge called in Sweden " rank- 

 starr" (Linn.), and known from early time's : — termed " cyperoides polystachion spicis laxis panicu- 

 lam veluti componentibus " by Scheuchzer agr. 487 pi. 11; and known to grow in marshy ground 

 from Russia and 63 in Sweden to the Mediterranean (Engl. bot. pi. 1920, Pers., and Wats.) : 

 observed by Hooker in Iceland; by Linnasus, as far as Upsal, rare; by Sibthorp, in the Pelopon- 

 nesus. 



Carex leporina of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden " har-starr" 

 (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed "gramen cyperoides palustre majus spica divisa" by 

 C. Bauhin pin. 6 and theatr. 88, "g. c. spica e pluribus spicis brevibus mollibus composita" by 

 Scheuchzer hist. 456 pi. 10 f. 15 (Linn ), " carex ovalis " by Willdenow ; and known to grow in moist 

 meads throughout Northern and middle Europe (Huds. 404, Engl. bot. pi. 306, Leers 195 pi. 14 f. 6, 

 and Pers.) : observed by Hooker in Iceland ; by Linnaeus, in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in 

 moist meads in Greece. 



Carex vulpina of Northern climates. Called in Sweden " raf-starr " (Linn.), and known from 

 early times: — termed "gramen cyperoides triquetrum spica integra" by Bauhin hist. ii. 479, " g. c. 

 palustre majus spica compacta " by C. Bauhin pin. 6 and theatr. 87 : known to grow in marshes 

 throughout Northern and middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 308, Engl. bot. pi. 307, and Pers.), also about 

 Caucasus and the Taurian mountains (Bieb), and as far as Japan (Wats.) : was observed by Lin- 

 naeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in watery places in the Peloponnesus. Westward, 

 by Hooker in Iceland ; and according to J. Carey gi'ows in " Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky" (A. Gray). 



Carex digitata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A woodland sedge called in Sweden 

 " hwisp-starr " (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed "gramen caryophyllatum montanum 

 spica varia" by C. Bauhin pin. 4 and theatr. 48, and by Scheuchzer 448 pi. 10: known to grow 

 throughout Northern and middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 615, and Pers.) ; was observed by Linnaeus 

 in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in woods in the environs of Constantinople. 



Trisctiini flavesccns of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in Sweden 

 "golhafre" (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed "gramen avenaceum spica sparsa flave- 

 scente locustis parvis " by Morison iii. 8 pi. 7, " g. a. pratense elatius panicula flavescente locustis 

 parvis " by Tournefort inst. 525 and Scheuchzer hist. 223, " avena flavescens " by Linnaeus : known 

 to be frequent in meads throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 5, and Pers.) ; observed by 

 Bergius in meads in Gothland (Linn.) ; by Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople. 



Phalaris arundiuacea of the marshes of Northern climates. A reedy grass called in different 

 parts of Sweden "flack" or "ror-flen," and from early times used for thatching roofs — (Linn.): 

 termed " gramen arundinaceum spicatum" by C. Bauhin pin. 6 and theatr. 94, " g. paniculatum 

 aquaticum phalaridis semine " by Tournefort inst. 523; and known to grow from Lapland and the 

 Feroe Islands to Switzerland (fl. Dan. pi, 259, Pers., and Wats.), also on Caucasus, and in Siberia and 

 Japan (Kunth) ; was observed by Linnaeus on the shores of lakes and rivers in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, 

 in watery places around Constantinople. Westward, by Michaux in Canada, New England, and 

 Pennsylvania; by Lapylaie, in Newfoundland, as far as 51° ; by myself, in marshes from 42 30' to 

 40° alono- the Atlantic; by Drummond at 54 on the Saskatchewan near Fort Cumberland; and 

 according to A. Gray is "very common northward" from central New York. The variety with 

 striped leaves, cultivated for ornament under the name of ribbon grass (Prior), was probably im- 

 ported from Europe. 



Phalaris phleoides of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in Sweden 

 "roll-flen" (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed "gramen typhoides asperum primum" 

 by C. Bauhin pin. 4 and theatr. 51 (Linn.), "gramen spicatum spica cylindracea tenuiori longa" by 

 Tournefort inst. 520, and known to occur throughout middle Europe (Ray hist. 1267, Scheuch. 61, fl. 

 Dan. pi S3' an ^ Pers.) ; observed by Celsius, and Linnaeus, in Sweden, in meads as well as along 

 the margin of fields ; by Forskal on Imros, by Sibthorp around Constantinople and frequent in culti- 

 vated ground on the Greek islands. 



