OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 84I 



out middle Europe (Ray angl. iii. 339, Scheuch. hist. 83, Arduin. pi. 6, Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 1613) ; 

 observed by Linnaeus in meads in Sweden ; by Scopoli 189, in Carniolia ; and by Sibthorp, on mount 

 Parnassus. 



Poa alpina of the Arctic region and mountain summits farther South. A grass called in Sweden 

 "fiall-groe " (Linn.), and known from early times : — described by Dalibard, and known to grow on 

 the Alps and Pyrenees (Dec.) ; also in Britain, Russia (Engl. bot. pi. 1003, and Wats.), and on Cau- 

 casus (Kunth); termed "gramen montanum spica foliacea graminea" by Scheuchzer alp. 38 pi. 4; 

 observed by Linnseus "n Lapland, its viviparous form continuing even under cultivation; by Sibthorp, 

 on the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland ; is known to grow in Greenland, and 

 British America (Wats.) ; and was received by Kunth both from North America and the Falkland 

 Islands. 



Poa nemoralis of Northern Europe and Asia. A woodland grass called in Sweden "lund-groe " 

 (Linn.), and known from early times : — described by Scheuchzer gram. 164 pi. 2, and termed "gra- 

 men sylvaticum panicula tenui e raris locustis composita " by Dillenius sp. 57 : known to grow from 

 Lapland to the Mediterranean (Engl. bot. pi. 1265, Pers., and Wats.), also on Caucasus, and in Sibe- 

 ria (Kunth) ; observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, in woods at the base of mountains; by Sibthorp, in 

 woods near Constantinople. Westward, was received by Hooker from the Saskatchewan and Slave 

 river, — is known to grow in Russian America (Wats.), and var. "glauca" was observed by Hooker 

 in Iceland (Kunth); (but the species growing in woods from "New England to Wisconsin," and 

 observed by Nuttall near Philadelphia, is regarded by A. Gray as distinct and termed " p. alsodes "). 



Poa decumbens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A low grass called in Sweden 

 "ax-swingel" (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed "gramen triticeum palustre humilius 

 spica mutica breviore " by Morison" iii. 177 pi. 1, "g. avenaceum parvum procumbens paniculis non 

 aristatis " 'by Plukenet aim. pi. 34, and Tournefort inst. 525, " fesluca decumbens " by Linnaeus : 

 known to grow throughout Northern and middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 792, and Pers.) ; was observed 

 by Linnaeus in Sweden, in sterile pasture-land as far as Scania and Upland; by Sibthorp, in the 

 environs of Constantinople. 



Bromus tectorum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in Sweden "tak- 

 losta" (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed " festuca avenacea sterilis humilior " by C. 

 Bauhin pin. 10 and theatr. 148, "gramen avenaceum locustis villosis angustis candicantibus et arista- 

 tis " by Tournefort inst. 526, and Scheuchzer gram. 254 : known to grow on barren hills and on walls 

 and roofs throughout middle Europe (Leers pi. 10, and Pers.); observed by Linnaeus in fields and 

 along their margin in arid soil, and covering the roofs of houses in Upsal ; by Forskal, at Constanti- 

 nople ; and by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, around Athens and in the Peloponnesus. 



Bromus pinnatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A woodland grass called in 

 Sweden " spair-losta" (Linn.), and known from early times : —termed "gramen spica brizae majus " 

 by C. Bauhin pin. 9 and prodr. 19, "g. loliaceum altissimum spica brizae perlonga aristis brevibus 

 donata" by Tournefort inst 517 ; and known to grow in grass-patches in woods throughout middle 

 Europe (Rudb. elys. i. pi. 80, Hall, Engl. bot. pi. 730, and Pers.) : observed by Bromelius 40 in woods 

 in Gothland; by Linnaeus in mountainous situations as far as Upland; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 frequent in woods in shaded situations in the Peloponnesus and Greek islands. 



Equisetum sylvaticum of Northern climates. Called in Sweden " grangras " or "hastgroning," 

 and from early times esteemed there as feed for horses — (Hagstrom, and Linn.) : termed "equise- 

 tum sylvaticum" by Tabernaemontanus 562, "e. a. tenuissimis setis " by C. Bauhin pin. 16 and theatr. 

 145, and known to grow throughout Northern and middle Europe (Rudbeck the younger elys. i. pi. 

 124I Roy. lugdb. 496, and Engl. bot. pi. 1874) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, from 

 Greece and Cyprus to Constantinople. Westward, by myself from the Lower St. Lawrence to 42 

 30 along the Atlantic; by Drummond, at 54 on the Saskatchewan near Fort Cumberland; and 

 according to A. Gray is "common northward" from central New York. 



As early perhaps as this year (see addit. art de verif.), expedition of the Inca Huayna Capac 

 against Tumpiz and the countries beyond under the Equator, after assurance of success from the ora- 

 cfe at Pachacamac and the speaking statue in the valley of the Rimac. 



" Feb., 1477 " (Columb. mem., and Rafn. antiq Amer.), visit of Columbus to Iceland ; in a ship 

 "from Bristol England." Columbus according to his own account, sailed a "hundred leagues beyond 

 Thuld " called Fri'slanda to " Lat 73 and an island as large as England where the English come to 

 trade " (art de verif. contin.). 



Theodorus Gaza translating Theophrastus into Latin. — He died " in 1478. 



Polygonum faxopyrum of Eastern Tartary. The buckwheat, called in Esthonian "tatnkat" or 

 "tattar " in Polish or Bohemian "tatarka," in Italy "faggina," in different parts of Spain "fajol or 

 "alforion" or "alforfon" (Mor., and A. Dec), in Japan "kjo" or usually "soba" (Thunb.) ; and the 

 " trionum," a name given by Theodorus Gaza — apparently from the triangular seeds, is identified by 



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