8 44 



CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Tragopogon pratense of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain goal's beard 

 (Prior), in Germany "bocks bart " (Trag.) ; in which we recognize the "barba hircina" of Hierony- 

 mus apodix., — and "barbula hirci" of Tragus i. pi. 93 : T. pratense was observed by Tragus in the 

 meads of Germany, its root eaten by boys; is termed ''t. pratense luteum majus" by Tournefort inst. 

 477; is known to grow from Britain throughout middle Europe (Thuil., and Engl. bot. pi. 434) ; was 

 observed by Sibthorp on mount Haemus and around Constantinople." 



Pyrola rotundifolia of Northern climates. Called by Turner winter-green (Prior), in Germany 

 " winter-grim " or " waldmangolt " or "holtz mangolt " (Trag.) : the " winter-grim " is mentioned in 

 the German ed. of the Ortus Sanitatis 316, is termed "pirola" by Hieronymus apodix., or (according 

 to Tragus litt. Brunf.) "pyrola" by Braunsweig lib. de simpl. : — the "betula" prescribed by Gario- 

 pontus i. 16 is referred here by Tragus : P. rotundifolia is known to grow from Lapland throughout 

 Northern Europe to the mountains of Switzerland (fl. Dan. pi. no, Lam. fl. fr., and Wats.); was 

 observed by Tragus in Germany, by Savi on the Appenines ; and is known to grow throughout Siberia 

 to Kamtchatka (Gmel., and Pall). Farther East, was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha ; by 

 Drummond, at Fort Cumberland 54° on the Saskatchewan ; by Pursh, in Canada ; by Chapman, on 

 the mountains of Georgia ; by Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina ; by myself, from about 40 to 45° 

 along the Atlantic ; by Parry, as far as Five-hawser Bay in Arctic America (Hook.) ; is known to 

 grow also in Greenland (Wats.) ; and was observed by Hooker on Iceland. 



Anteiuiaria dioica of Northern climates. A Gnaphalioid herb called in Britain cat's foot (Prior), 

 in Germany "hasenpfatlin " or " meussorlin " (Fuchs.) ; and the " pilosella minor" of the Herbarius 

 manuscript — is referred here by Fuchsius pi. 606 : A. dioica is known to grow from North Cape 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Switzerland (fl. Dan. pi. 1228, Engl. bot. pi. 267, Pers., and Dec.) ; 

 and Eastward to the Taurian mountains, Lake Baikal, and throughout Siberia to Bering's Island, 

 Nootka Sound, and 54 to 64 in North America (Gmel., Pall, and Hook.). "A. plantaginifolia," 

 occasionally developing " large lower leaves," appears to have been regarded by Josselyn as an Ameri- 

 can species, and is given as distinct by Plukenet aim. pi. 348 ; has been observed by myself along the 

 Atlantic from 45 to 38°, by Schweinitz as far as 36° in Upper Carolina, by Chapman in " Florida and 

 northward," by Short in Kentucky, and by Nuttall on the Arkansas. 



Polygonum amphibium of Northern climates. A showy water peachwort called in Germany with 

 the bistort " naterwurtz," or by herbalists "colubrina" and " serpentaria," and mentioned in the Old 

 manuscript Herbarius — (Fuchsius pi. 774) : P. amphibium is termed "phyllitis lacustris "' by Valerius 

 Cordus (Spreng.), "persicaria salicis folio potamogeton angusti folium dicta" by Tournefort inst. 509: 

 is known to grow in and along the margin of pools throughout Northern and middle Europe (fl. Dan. 

 pi. 282, Curt. lond. iv. pi. 2.8, and Pers.) ; was observed by Brotero in the Tagus, by Decandolle in 

 France, by Sibthorp in Asia Minor in the Nicrean Lake and around Constantinople ; was received by 

 Bieberstein from Tauria ; by Richard from Abyssinia, and by E. Meyer and Drege from Austral 

 Africa (A. Dec). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland ; by Michaux, in Lake St. John's 

 in Canada ; by Drummond at 54 near Fort Cumberland ; by myself, along the Atlantic from 43' to 

 40 ; by Short, in Kentucky ; and according to Pursh grows along the Ohio and Mississippi. Its root- 

 like stems according to Lindley are substituted in France for sarsaparilla. 



Cheiranthus annuus of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in France " quarantain" from 

 growing up and flowering within forty days (Pers.) : described by Braunsweig f. 43 — (Spreng.), and 

 known to grow in maritime situations in Southern Europe (Pers.). 



Gentiana cruciata of the mountains of middle Europe. Called in Germany " modeller " or 

 "creutzwurtz" (Irag.) ; in which we recognize the " creutz wurtz " of Hieronymus apodix. ox Braun- 

 sweig : — G. cruciata was observed by Tragus i. pi. 83 in Germany, much used medicinally, and some- 

 times called " heil alien schaden ; " is described also by Gesner ; is termed " tretorrhiza " by Renealmi 

 pi. 73 ; and is known to grow on wooded mountains from France to Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 372, and 

 Pers.). 



"In this year" (Burm. hist, and Mason 65), accession of Zeyathura as "twenty-ninth" king of 

 Toungoo. He built a new city for his seat of government : — to which the name of the old one, 

 " Toungoo," has been transferred. 



" In this or the following year " (Gal van., and Spreng.), Alonso Aveiro following the African coast 

 as far as Benin. 



Piper Afzelii of Western Equatorial Africa. Specimens of Guinea cubebs or " rabo pola" or 

 '■ pimenta de rabo, pepper with a taile," brought home by Alonso Aveiro, " the first of that kinde seene 

 in Portugall" — (Galvan.): "cubebs from Guinea" are mentioned also by Smith (in Rees cycl ) 

 Nees, Ebermaier, and others: P. Afzelii, the plant in question, is known to grow at Sierra Leone but 

 "the quality of its fruit has still to be ascertained" (Lindl.). 



" i486 A. D." (Churchill coll.), Bartholemew Diaz following the African coast "one hundred and 

 twenty leagues" farther than any before him, discovered mountains which he called "Sierra Parda." 



