846 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



As early perhaps as this year (Dutch mem. emb., and Stanley edit. De Morga 18), the Chinese 

 expelled from the Philippines by the natives. — They continued however to come in their ships and 

 trade. 



As early as this year, Nicolaus Leonicenus writing. — He is mentioned oy Hermolaus Barbarus, 

 and died in his hundredth ye ir " in 1524" (Spreng.). 



Am mania, verticillata of Equatorial Africa. The "corneola" seen by Leonicenus near Ferrara, 

 used for dyeing green, and supposed by him to be the "lysimachia." — may be compared with the 

 "cornelia verticillata" seen in Italy by Arduino ii. pi. 1, and referred here by Lamarck pi. 77. 

 '■A. /Egyptiaca" of Willdenow hort. berol. i. 6, observed by Delile pi. 15 in the rice grounds of 

 Egypt, may also be compared. 



" 1489 A. D." (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Matthias Palmerius. Hermolaus Barbarus writing. 

 — He published his castig. Plin. "in 1492," and died "in 1493." 



Hibiscus (Abelmoschus) moschatus of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Tagalo "castoli" or 

 " castio castiogan " or " dalupan," in Pampango " castocastolian," in Bisaya "ducum " or " maricum " 

 or " maropoto " or "sapinit" (Blanco), in Burmah "ba-lu-wa" (Mason), in Tamil " kathe-kasturi " or 

 " kasturi-venday," in Telinga " kasturi-benda," in Bengali " mushak-dana," on the Deccan " mushk- 

 bhendi " (Drur.), in Egypt "hab el-mosk," musk grains: the " rosam moscheuton'' of Hermolaus 

 Barbarus — may be compared : A. moschatus was observed by Alpinus, and Delile, in the gardens of 

 Egypt ; and according to Lindley, the " musky seeds " are " considered cordial and stomachic and by 

 the Arabs mixed with coffee." Eastward, A. moschatus was observed in Hindustan by Rheede ii. pi. 

 38, Roxburgh, Wight, and by Graham "in gardens pretty common." Farther East, is described by 

 Mason v. 41S and 505 as one of the "most common indigenous plants " in Burmah, its seeds "said to 

 be an antidote to snake bites," and the mucilage used in clarifying sugar : was observed by Blanco 

 in the Philippines, its seeds used medicinally by the natives. By European colonists, was carried to 

 the West Indies (Cav. iii. pi. 62, and Pers.). 



Euphrasia lutea of the West .Mediterranean countries. The " euphrasia " is described by Her- 

 molaus coroll. iii. 10 as having "luteolos" yellowish flowers — (Fuch. 91): E. lutea is described by 

 Morison iii. pi. 24 ; is termed " e. laevis " by Gatereau ; was observed by Crantz, and Jacquin pi. 398, 

 in Austria ; and is known to grow in arid mountainous situations in other parts of Southern Europe 

 and in Barbary, the flowers yellow (Pers.). 



Gypsophila? saxifrage of middle Europe. The "florem gariofillum " by some according to 

 Hermolaus enumerated among " saxifragias," — may be compared : G. saxifraga is termed "dianthus 

 saxifragus " by Linnaeus, " tunica saxifraga" by Scopoli ; and is known to grow in France, Switzer- 

 land, and Austria (Cav., Pers., and Steud.). 



'• 1490 A. D." (=26th year of Tsutsi-Mikaddo, ann. Jap. transl. Tits , and art de verif.), death 

 of Josijmassa, cubo of Japan. 



As early probably as this year, islands discovered by the Japanese navigator Osaska-wara. They 

 proved uninhabited and received the name of " Mou-nin " (Bonin) Islands. Among the productions, 

 the tree called "nan-kin-faze (Croton sebiferum)" the " arbre de cire " (....), trees too hrgc for a 

 man to clasp and very lofty with the wood hard and fine ( . . . ), lofty trees resembling the "siou- 

 ro (tsoung-liu or Chamcerops excc/sa)," the tree whose nuts are called in Chinese '■ pe-louan-tsu" 

 (....), the "katsiran" ( . . . ), "bois de sandal rouge" (....), the "fou-mou" (....), 

 the "camphrier" ( .... ), " figues caques " of the mountains (Ficus .... ), lofty trees with leaves 

 resembling those of the " lierre " (Alcnrites triloba?), "cannelliers " (Cmnamomum . . . ), and 

 " muriers " {Broussonetia papyri/era), and among more humble plants the •' Smilax china" called 

 "san-ki-rei" (Smilax . . . ), the " to-ki " ( . . . ), and a medicinal herb called " assa-ghiou-kwa " 

 (....), — are enumerated in the San-kokf (transl. Klapr.). As a penal colony was established by 

 the Japanese on these islands, the " cocotiers " (Cocos ntuifera) and " arbre qui porte l'areca " {Areca 

 catechu) may have been subsequently introduced. According to Kaempfer i. 4, the giant crab " four 

 to six feet long" occurs around these islands. 



"A few years before the" Spanish conquest (De Morga 307), "a few natives of the island of 

 Borneo began to come with their trade to " Luzon. — " especially to the towns of Manila and Tondo ; 

 and the people of the two islands intermarried : " the Borneo people were " Mussulmans," and " were 

 introducing their sect amongst these natives, giving them short prayers and ceremonies and forms to 

 be observed, by means of some gazizes whom they brought with them : and already many, and the 

 greatest chiefs, were beginning (although by piecemeal) to become Muslims, circumcising themselves, 

 and taking Muslim names." 



"In this year" (Humb. cosm. iv.). a comet observed in Mexico, and recorded in a manuscript 

 written (or painted) "at least a quarter of a century before the arrival of the Spaniards." The 

 same comet is " mentioned as having been observed in December of that year only in the Chinese 

 comet- register." 



