OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 847 



" In this year" (Galvan.), by John II. of Portugal, Gonzalo de Sousa sent with three ships to 

 convey -home the ambassadour of Congo." On their arrival, the king of Congo was "very glad," 

 and yeelded himselfe and the greater part of his realme to be baptized." 



" 1491 A D." (Blair), the study of the Greek language brought into England by William Grocyn.* 

 1492, Aug. nth" (Alst, and Nicol.), Innocentius VIII. succeeded by cardinal Roderic Bor<na, 

 now Alexander VI., sixtieth pope. James IV. ruling Scotland. 



Linum catharticum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain purging 

 flax ox fairy flax or dwarf flax or mill-mountain from " chamajjinum montanum " and the Greek 

 "hamaihnon" — (Prior) : L. catharticum is termed "I. pratense foliis exiguis " by Tournefort inst. 

 34° ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Blackw. pi. 368 and Pers ) 

 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople. The plant according to 

 Lindley is "powerfully, but as it seems, not dangerously cathartic." 



Spergula arvensis of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Germany " spark " (Grieb), in 

 France "spurrie" (Cotgrave) or " espargoutte," in Britain spurry, — from which word according to 

 Lyte 1. 38 the Latin "spergula" was formed (Prior) : S. arvensis is described by Cornelius Petrus 

 (Spreng.), and Dodoens 537 ; is termed " alsine spergula dicta major " by Tournefort inst. 243 ; was 

 observed by Desfontaines in Barbary ; and is known to occur as a weed throughout middle and 

 Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (ft. Dan. pi. 1033, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, 

 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Caria and 

 Constantinople ; is known to occur also in Siberia, as far as the Altaian mountains and the river 

 Yenisei (Ledeb.). By European colonists, was carried to Madeira (Lem., and A. Dec.) ; to North- 

 east America, where it continues a weed in grain-fields as far even as the Assiniboin and Columbia 

 rivers (Hook.) ; to Austral Africa (Drege) ; and to Ceylon, where it was observed by Gardner natu- 

 ralized in one locality on the mountains. 



Sagittaria sagittifolia of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain arrow head (Prior), in 

 France "fleche d'eau " (Nugent), in Germany " pfeilkraut," in Northern Italy " saettaria " (Lenz), 

 and known from early times : — termed " sagitta aquatica major latifolia " by C. Bauhin pin. 194, and 

 though unknown in Greece proper, was found by Grisebach in Thrace ; by Hohen, and Ledebour, as 

 far East as Lenkoran and the Altaian mountains ; by Gmelin, from the Irtisch to Kamtchatka. 

 Westward, seems unknown in Barbary, Sicily, and Southern Italy (A. Dec.) ; but was observed in 

 Northern Italy by Scopoli, and Lenz ; by Brotero, in Portugal ; and is known to grow as far as 

 Lapland (Linn.), Finland and Casan in Russia (Lam. fl. fr., Fries, and Wirtz). 



Turrilis glabra of Northern climates. Called tower- mustard from the tapering inflorescence 

 something in the form of a Dutch spire — (Lobel kruydb. p. 262, and Prior) ; described also by 

 Thalius 16 (Spreng.); termed " t. foliis inferioribus cichoraceis ceteris perfoliatae " by Tournefort 

 inst. 224 ; and known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden (flor. Dan. 

 pi. 809, Curt. lond. iv. pi. 47, and Pers.). Eastward, observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the 

 mountains of Greece ; and known to grow in Northern Asia (Wats.). Farther East, observed by 

 Mertens at Norfolk Sound on the American coast ; occurring also from the Rocky mountains to Hud- 

 son's Bay and as far North as Lat. 64 (Hook.) ; and along the Atlantic as far South as Lat. 42°. 



Arabis hirsuta of Northern climates. Known to European writers as early probably as this 

 date: — described by Bauhin prodr. pi. 42, Linnaeus, and Jacquin rar. pi. 126; and known to grow 

 wild throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden and Ireland (Pers., and Wats.). Eastward, 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in shady situations in Southern Greece and in the environs of 

 Constantinople ; and by Thunberg, in Japan and called "inu nassuna," naturalized nassuna. Farther 

 East, observed by Chamisso on the opposite American coast at Unalascha ; known to grow at the 

 mouth of the Columbia, on the Rocky mountains, at Hudson's Bay, and from as far North as Lat. 

 68° (Hook.) throughout Canada to our Northern States, the Alleghanies, and even Kentucky (Short, 

 A. Gray, and Chapm.). 



Melampyrum arvense of the Caucasian countries ? Known as a weed in middle Europe as early 

 probably as this date: — described by Clusius, and Bauhin; termed "m. purpurascente coma" by 



* Calla palustris of Northern climates. An Aroid growing in wet ground, and the " arona " 

 figured in the edition of Ortus Sanitatis for 7491 is referred here by Pritzel thes. — C. palustris was 

 observed by Fuchsius pi. 844 in Germany ; by Decandolle, in Alsace on the Rhine ; by Linnsus, in 

 Lapland, and bread prepared from its root highly esteemed and called "missebrced" (Lindl.) ; by 

 Gmelin, ^rowing throughout Siberia. Westward, was not found by Lapylaie in Newfoundland, but 

 has been observed by Michaux in Canada; by myself, from 48° on the Lower St. Lawrence to 42 

 alonf the Atlantic ; by Torrey, as far as 41 ; by Pursh, from Canada to Pennsylvania ; by Drummond, 

 at 54° near Fort Cumberland ; and was received by A. Gray from Wisconsin. 



