854 



CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Canella alba of the West Indies. A tree forty to fifty feet high, called wild cinnamon and afford- 

 ing the canella bark of commerce : doubtless the " canela " found by Columbus lett. I on Hayti, — 

 mentioned also by Barcia i. 61 : C. alba was observed by Browne pi. 37, Catesby ii. pi. 50, and Swartz, 

 in the West Indies, all its parts when fresh "hot aromatic and pungent" (Lindl.). 



" 1493, March 4th " (F. Columb., and Major), after sailing from Hayti in the beginning of the year, 

 Columbus arriving at Lisbon in Europe. 



X. THE REIGN OF COMMERCE. 



Egypt now ceased to be the main or only route through which foreign animals and plants reached 

 Europe, and the broad ocean becoming the theatre of commerce, was deprived of her relative impor- 

 tance ; remaining in a measure neutral, slowly and but slightly participating in the new order of things. 



From pope Alexander VI. a grant was obtained, Confirming to Spain the new land found by 

 Columbus, and "all that should be discovered Westward, till it should come to the East, where any 

 Christian prince was then actually in possession" (F. Columb. 43). — Limits, notwithstanding some 

 encroachments by the French and English, very nearly defining the Spanish colonies to the present 

 day. 



In this year, in Java, death of Raden Paku or Sunan Giri aged " sixty-three." (The date probably 

 taken from his tomb at Giri, which continued extant containing the pusaka kris when Raffles was 

 writing in 1816). 



The same year (= " 29th year of Tsutsi-Mikaddo." art de verif.), in Japan, departure of Josij- 

 simmi, invested with the title of " dai-seogun," to command the army. 



" The same year " (Blair), the study of the Greek and Hebrew languages, brought into Germany 

 by Reuchlin. 



"The same year" (Alst. p. 308), in Croatia, the Christians defeated by the Turks under 

 Bajazet II. 



As early perhaps as this year (see Spreng.), Joannes Platearius writing his Comment, in Nicolai 

 Praepos. — The work was published " in 1562." 



Arabis tnrrita of the mountains of middle Europe. — The "maior Platea." of Clusius hist. ii. pi. 

 126, is referred here by Sprengel: A. turrita is known to occur along hedges on the mountains of 

 Switzerland, France, and Hungary (Jacq. austr. pi. 11, and Pers.). In Britain, was first observed 

 "in 1728" on the walls of a college at Cambridge (Huds.), afterwards at Oxford and in Kent, and in 

 a locality near Kinross; but seems unknown in Ireland (Mackay) and in Northwestern France, and 

 is regarded by A. Decandolle as derived from the botanic gardens at Cambridge and Oxford. 



" Nov. 2d, in the night" (F. Columb. 46 to 51), arrival of Columbus on his Second voyage at a 

 point in the West Indies farther South. In the morning, being Sunday, the new island in sight was 

 named by him " Dominica." Turning North, he soon reached a second island, named by him 

 " Marigalante." * And next " another great island," which he called "Guadalupe" and found in- 

 habited by the warlike Caribbes ; who were cannibals, and made their captives eunuchs. 



in question : — E. Occidentalis was observed in the West Indies by Oviedo (Spreng.) ; by Swartz i. 

 619, in mountain valleys on Jamaica (Pers.). 



Thrinax parviflora of the West Indies. Ten to twenty feet high, and probably one of the "six 

 or eight kinds of palm-trees " in question : — T. parviflora was observed in the West Indies by Oviedo 

 (Spreng.) ; by Browne 190, and Swartz i. 614 in barren and maritime situations on Jamaica and 

 Hayti (Pers.). 



Cocos fnsiformis of the West Indies. Probably one of the " six or eight kinds of palm-trees " in 

 question : — observed in the West Indies by Oviedo p. 38 (Spreng.) ; by Swartz i. 616, on Jamaica 

 and Hayti (Pers.). 



Furcrcea odorata of the West Indies and Mexico. Called by the natives "cabuya" (Ovied.) ; 

 and the '• ligunaloe " of Columbus lett. 1, — termed simply " aloe " in the poem written on his return 

 by Guiliano Dati, may be compared : F. odorata was observed by Oviedo vii. 10 in the West Indies ; 

 by Jacquin amer. pi. 260, on Cuba; and is said to occur also in Mexico (Lam. enc. i. 52, and Pers.). 



* Hippomane mancinclla of the seashore of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of South 

 America. A very large tree, called by the English colonists nianchhiccl. by the French " mancenil- 

 lier" (Nugent) : landing on Marigalante, some of the crew touching a wild fruit with their tongues, 

 such heat and pain followed that according to Chanca "they seemed to be mad:" "mancanillas 

 olorosas " are mentioned by Oviedo . . . f . 1 1 : H. mancinella was observed by Sloane ii. pi. 159, 



