870 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



small low islands full of palme trees and grasse" and anchoring in the midst called them " Jardim ; " 

 finding the natives brutish, without laws and without industry, "in maruailous feare of fire because 

 they neuer saw any," living on fish and " cocos," wearing "white clothing which they make of grass " 

 (Micronesians), and by means of shells scooping boats out of the trunks of pines drifted here "at 

 certaine times of the yeere." After leaving Saavedra died, and the ship put back to MaluCo. 



"The same year" (Alst. p. 308), Vienna besieged by the Turks under Suliman II. 



"In this year" (Spreng.), count Hermannus, a Novenaar, writing his Epist. on plants. 



Leontodon autumnale of Northern Europe and Asia. The fall dandelion is called by Gipsies 

 "morsus diaboli minor," in Hesse '-summer dorn," and is included in the " apostematica" of count 

 Hermann de Neuenare — (Trag. i. 81 to 87) : A. autumnale is described also by Fuchsius 320 pi. ; 

 is termed "hieracium chondrillae folio glabra radice succisa majus " by Tournefort inst. 470 ; and 

 is known to grow from Lapland and Russia throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 501, Engl. bot. pi. 

 830, Lam. fl. fr., Vill., and Wats.) ; was observed by Forskal around Constantinople. Westward, 

 by Hooker on Iceland ; was received by him from Newfoundland ; and clearly by European colonists 

 was carried to New England, where it has become naturalized, and frequent in grassy situations. 



" 1530, Apr. 8th " (Alst.), general Assembly at Augsburg, On account of the Turkish war and the 

 religious dissensions in Germany. The Augustan Confession, written by Melanchthon and sanctioned 

 by Luther, was submitted by the Protestants to the meeting : a " Refutation " was read ; and Charles V. 

 made an address, Requiring the Protestants to return to the Church. The session was prolonged; 

 and after futile attempts at reconciliation, several princes left and formed treaties with the Protestant 

 cities for mutual protection. In view of the approaching vote for " king of the Romans " by the elector 

 of Saxony, a Protestant meeting was convened seven days beforehand, at Smalcald " Dec. 22A," and a 

 general federation formed ; letters being sent even to the kings of France, England, and Denmark. 



"The same year" (Alst.), the Capucin Order of monks confirmed by pope Clemens VII. And 

 by Charles V. (Blair), the island of Malta, given to the Knights of St. |ohn. 



"The same year" (Alst. p. 2S4), by king Francis, professors of languages instituted at Paris: 

 one of whom, Franciscus Vatablus, was skilled in Hebrew. 



"The same year" (Churchill coll ), sailing from the Pacific side of the Isthmus of the Second 

 expedition of Francisco Pizarro. Following the coast South, " and falling upon the town of Quapel, 

 he took <y vast booty of gold, silver, and eu/eraulds." 



"1531 A. D." (Ciez. lix), by Francisco Pizarro, founding of the city of San Miguel near the 

 Northern boundary of Peru and the first city established in that country by the Spaniards. — Pizarro 

 narr. f. 16 travelled inland to Caxamalca and Xauxa "in 1533." 



"The same year" (Schomb. edit. Ralegh), the Orinoko ascended by Diego de Ordaz as far as 

 the cataract of Atures. 



" In this year" (Alst. p. 308), Vienna for the second time besieged by the Turks under Suliman II. 



"June 4th" (AKt.), meeting of the Protestants at Frankfort. Swiss cities desiring to join the 

 Federation, were excluded on alleged doctrinal differences. 



" In this year " letter of Hieronym Tragus to his " amico et domino Otho Brunfelsio " of May- 

 ence, in which he confirms the statement, That the " angelicam et astranciam " are undescribed plants. 

 Brunfels at this time (Spreng., and Prior) writing his Novum Herbarium, enumerating "chamae- 

 pitys" iii. 36, Veronica prostrata, Plan/ago crassa i. 25, Viola palustris i. 137, Lcucoium vernum\. 129, 

 Betonica stricta i. 88, "urtica iners femina" i. 152, Lamiian lac-oigatnm, Mentha rubra ii. 76, " cardo 

 paris " iii. 35 Carlina acaulis, " cynoglossa minor " it. 176, Myosotis palustris (Gesn. ii. fig. 77), Ophrys 

 myodes i. 105. — He published two volumes "in 1532," died "in 1534," and the third volume was 

 published "in 1537" (Spreng.). 



Astrantia major of the mountains of middle and Western Europe. An Umbelliferous plant, 

 probably the "astranciam" of Brunfels alluded to in this letter : — A. major is known to grow on the 

 Pyrenees, the mountains of middle Europe, and the Appenines as far as Tuscany (Scop., Pers., and 

 Nees). Transported to Britain, was found in 1840-41 seemingly wild near Ludlow on the border of 

 Wales (A. Dec ). The roots according to Lindley are "acrid and purgative." 



Veronica spica/a of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia Described by Brunfels i,i. 36 — 

 (Spreng.) ; termed "v. spicata minor" by C. Bauhin pin. 247 (Linn.), and Tournefort inst. 144. and 

 known to grow throughout middle Europe (Oed. fl. Dan. pi. 52, Engl. bot. pi. 2, and Pers.) : observed 

 by Linnaeus in dry sunny situations in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 



Sisymbrium sophia of the Uralian plains. An annual called in Germany " welsomen " (Fuchs.) ; 

 described by Brunfels iii. 170, — termed "seriphium germanicum" by Tragus 338 (Spreng.), " seri- 

 phium absinthium" by Fuchsius pi. 2, " s. annuum absinthii minoris folio " by Tournefort inst 226, and 

 known to occur in waste places and along walls from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. 

 pi. 52S, Engl. bot. pi. 963, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the 

 Peloponnesus and other parts of Greece. 



