OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 885 



(fl. Dan. pi. 811, Engl. bot. 269, and Pers.): observed by Haller pi. 40 in Switzerland, by Hoffman ii. 

 182 in Germany; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in woods in the middle region of the Peloponnesus. 



Saxifraga cotyledon of Arctic Europe and alpine summits farther South. The "aizoon serra- 

 tum " of Valerius Cordus 92, — and Gesner ii. fig. 27, may be compared : S. cotyledon is described 

 by Matthioli 787, and Dalechamp 1195 (Spreng.) ; is termed "s. pyramidalis " by Lapeyrouse fl. i. 

 pi. 1 1 ; was observed by Hooker on Iceland ; by Bieberstein, on Caucasus ; is known to grow in 

 Lapland, Norway, and Sweden (Fries), on the Pyrenees (Lapeyr.), and on the Swiss Alps (Koch, 

 and A. Dec ). 



" The same year " (Royle resourc. Ind.), a botanic garden first established at Pisa. 



Hibiscus (Ketmid) trionum of Equatorial Africa. A flowering annual known in Egypt as early 

 perhaps as this year: —observed by Forskal in Yemen (but no locality given), by him, and Delile, 

 in Lower Egypt. Farther North, was brought from Venice to Germany, and seeds were sent from 

 Nurimberg to Tragus ii. pi. 143 some years before 1552, and about the same time was seen growing 

 in Italy by Matthioli iv. pi. 63; is described also by Lobel, and Parkinson; is termed "ketmia 

 yesicaria vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 101 ; " h. africanus " by Miller; is known to occur as a weed 

 in Carniolia and Italy (Scop., and Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated 

 ground from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 

 where it continues in gardens and from its quickly fading corolla is called flcwer-of-an-hour, has also 

 been found springing up spontaneously (A. Gray). 



" In this year " (Spreng.), the Franciscans, Bartholem. Urbevetanus and Angelus Palla Iuvena- 

 tiensis, publishing Commentaries on Mesue. 



Onopordon acaulon of the Mediterranean countries. The " corona fratrum " of Barptolomaeus 

 Urbeueteranus and Angelus Palea, — is referred by Dodoens pempt. v. 5. 5 to a many-headed stem- 

 less thistle observed by him in Spain, its vernacular name being a translation of the above : O. acaulon 

 is termed "carduus orientalis acaulos incanus et tomentosus dentis leonis folio" by Tournefort cor. 

 31 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus, frequent and on the plain of 

 Modon very troublesome. " O. Pyrenaicum," observed among the Pyrenees by Lapeyrouse (Dec. 

 fl. fr.), is regarded by Chaubard as not distinct. 



" 1544. J un e 10th " (Alst.), at Spires, end of the session of the Diet 1 after a visit from Charles 

 V., who promised, That the general Council should be convened in Germany. 



"The same year" (Steinschneid. iii. 27), the Hebrew Pentateuch translated into Jewish-German 

 by Michael Adam, assisted by Paul Fagiiis. — The Translation was revised by Jehuda ben Moses 

 Naphtali sixteen years afterwards, and with subsequent additions "became, and in some parts of 

 Poland and Russia continues to be a favourite book with women ; " having " produced a lasting effect 

 upon the Jews." 



As early as this year (G. de la Vega, Herrera, and Acosta iv. 6 to 8), the silver mine of Potosi, 

 "in S. Lat. 21° 40'" and at the elevation of "seventeen thousand feet" on the Andes, discovered by 

 a native named Hualpa.* For some time he secretly worked the vein, — but at length communi- 

 cated his discovery to the Spaniards, who commenced operations "in April 1545," as appears by 

 register. 



" 1545, Dec. 13th " (Blair, and Nicol.), after years of delay, the Twenty-first general ecclesiastical 

 Council convened at Trent by pope Paulus III. — The Council continued in existence eighteen years, 

 until its concluding session "Dec. 3d, 1563." 



Nasturtium amphtbium of Northern Europe and Asia. The "cleoma" herb of Octavius Hora- 

 tianus, growing in wet places and resembling " sinapi " — (Dod. pempt. iii. 4. 5), may be compared : 

 N. amphibium includes the " sisymbrium a. aquaticum " and " s. a. terrestre " of Linnaeus ; is termed 

 "s. a. heterophyllum " by Baumgarten, " s. roripa " by Scopoli, "eruca aquatica " and "radicula 

 lancifolia" by Moench ; was observed by Brotero i. 564 in Northern Portugal ; by Scopoli, in Carni- 

 olia ; is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 984, and Pers.); also 

 on Caucasus (Bieb.) ; and was observed by Thunberg in Japan. 



" 1546, Jan." (Targ.), Montigiano publishing his Translation of Dioscorides, enumerating " guara- 

 guasco femmina " Verbascum nigrum, " symphito petreo " Coris Monspeliensis, "terzanella" Ana- 

 gallis Monelli. 



Athamantha libanotis of middle Europe. Umbelliferous, termed " libanotide " by Montigiano 

 — (Targ.), "1. Rivini " by Baumgarten, "1. montana"by Allioni ; described also by Gesner hort. 



* Polvlepis tomentella of the Peruvian Andes. A graceful Sanguisorboid shrub or small tree 

 called by the natives "quenua" (Markh.) ; and Hualpa in chase of deer climbing the steep part of 

 the hill by catching hold of these shrubs, one of them gave way, disclosing native silver : — P. tomen- 

 tella is described by Weddell; was observed also by Markham edit. 368 to 388 on various parts of 

 the Peruvian Andes. 



