900 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"May iotli 1571" (Stanley edit. De Morga 18 and 368), Manila, a large town "fortified with 

 palms, and thick arigues filled in with earth, and a great quantity of bronze cannon, and other larger 

 pieces with chambers," captured by a force sent by Legazpi from Panay. A new town was now 

 founded on the site of the old one, presented "for that purpose" by the local chief Rajamora; the 

 neighbouring chiefs gave in their submission, and the Spanish conquest of the Philippines was soon 

 completed.— Legazpi died "Aug. 20th, 1572," and was succeeded by Guido de Labazarr.s, named 

 in a sealed despatch "from the high court of Mexico " found among the papers of the deceased. 



" Oct. 7th " (Blair), at Lepanto, the Turks defeated in naval combat by forces under Don John 



of Austria. 



" 1572, Aug. 24th, Sunday" (Alst, and Blair), in Paris and other places in France, massacre of 

 some thousands of Protestants ; Charles IX. reigning. 



"The same year" (Hakl. iii. 525 to 779, Purch., and Holmes), landing of Francis Drake in 

 Darien harbour, and two trains of mules laden with gold and silver intercepted. —The proceedings 

 of Drake and the English " buccaneers," are to this day remembered along the Western coast of 

 South America. 



•' In this year" (Markham edit. p. 390), Potosi visited by the viceroy Francisco de Toledo. 

 Who introduced the use of quicksilver, and caused a census to be taken of the natives throughout 

 Peru " between the ages of eighteen and fifty • " they numbered " 1,677,697." 



" In this \ear " (Humb. cosm. ii.), sudden appearance of a star of more than the first magnitude 

 in the constellation Cassiopea. The star soon disappeared. 



" In this year" (Spreng.), Ioannes Fragosus of Toledo publishing his Discurs. 



" 1573 A. D. = 'wen-li,' 1st year of " Chin-tsoung II. or " Chin-tsoung-hien-ti, of the Ming" or 

 Twenty-third dynasty (Chinese chron table). 



"In this year" — (Spreng.), Rauvvolf visiting Syria and part of Persia, meeting with among other 

 plants Astragalus coluteoides, A. christianus, A. densifolius, Tragopogon lauatus. Inula tubcrosa, 

 Michauxia campanuloides, Acanthus Dioscoridis, "rausut" and "rumigi" Aristolochia Maurorum, 

 and "arum Carsaami " Calla Orien talis. — He returned in "1576," published his travels in "1583," 

 and died in " 1596." 



Gundelia Tournefortii of the Tauro-Caspian countries. The "silybum" of Rauwolf 74 — is 

 referred here by Sprengel : G. Tournefortii was also observed in the East by Tournefort voy. ii. pi. 

 108 ; and transported to Europe, is described by Miller, and Linnaeus. 



" In this year" (Barcia 3, Biogr. univers., and Spreng.), Maninus del Barco visiting Paraguay. 



— His account was continued " to 1581." 



Passiflora ccerulea of Brazil. A passion-flo-wer observed and described by Martinus del Barco 



— (Spreng.), and known to grow wild in Brazil (Pers.). Transported to Europe, is described by 

 Miller pi. Linnaeus, and Cavanilles pi. 295; was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey. in the 

 gardens of Egypt, called there " sjerk el faelak ; " and apparently the same species by Forskal in 

 gardens at Constantinople. 



IJorstcuia contravava of Mexico, the West Indies, and Peru. An herb observed and described 

 by Martinus del Barco,* — according to Sprengel: known to grow as far as the West Indies (Jacq. 

 ic. iii. pi. 514). Transported to Europe, is described by Blackwell pi. 579, and Linnaeus. Its root, 

 one of the kinds of cmitrayerva of commerce, is employed medicinally for its " stimulant sudorific and 

 tonic qualities" (Guibourt, Mart., and Lindl.). 



"1574 A. D." (art de verif.), Selim II. succeeded by Amurath III. or Murad III., fourteenth 

 Turkish sultan. Coins of Murad III, issued at Cairo, are figured in Marcel p. 202. 



Robbers becoming numerous among the population of Egypt, the pasha sent by Murad III. is 

 said to have decapitated not less than " ten thousand " ( Marcel p. 200). 



"In this year" (Smith ed. fl. lapp.), Simler publishing his Description of Vallesia and the 

 Alps. 



"In this year" (inscr. date), letter to the pope from Nicol. Monardes, at this time printing his 



* Dorstenia Brozilietisis of the West Indies and Brazil. Called in Brazil " caa-apia " (Marcg.), 

 and probably the species seen by Martinus del Barco : — observed in Brazil by Marcg rave 52. pi. ; 

 by Martius, in the mountainous parts of S. Paulo and Minas, used against the bite of serpents and 

 for other medicinal purposes, frequently confounded with but superior to all other species in salutary 

 value, although unknown as an article of commerce ; by Swartz 275, as far North as the West 

 Indies (Lindl.). 



Dorstenia opifera of Brazil. Possibly the species in question : — D. opifera, growing in Brazil, 

 is described by Martius as a third kind of contrayerva, more farinaceous than the others (Lindl. 

 See D. Drakena). 



