OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 905 



Orchis latifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Lobel obs. 90 — 

 (Spreng.) ; termed "o. palmata pratensis latifolia longis calcaribus " by C. Bauhin pin. 85, and known 

 to grow in moist meads throughout middle Europe (Tourn. inst. 434, fl. Dan. pi. 266, Curt. lond. v. 

 pi. 65,. and Pers.) : observed by Rudbeck elys. ii. pi. 21 j, and Linnaeus, in Sweden ; by Vaillant pi. 

 3T, in the environs of Paris ; by Haller pi. 32, in Switzerland ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the 

 Peloponnesus. 



" 1582 B. C." (art de verif., and Thunb. trav. iv. 37), "at the solicitation of the Jesuit mission- 

 aries," an embassy sent by the princes of Neugato, Bungo, and Arima to Rome, assuring pope 

 Gregorius XIII. of their filial obedience; a measure that was ill-received in Japan. The same year 

 (= " second day of the fifth month of the 25th year of Ookimatz," art de verif.), Nobunanga, holding 

 next after Josijtira the office of cubo, slain together with his eldest son at Meaco : he was succeeded 

 by Fide-josi, who took the name of Taiko-sama. 



A painting by Taiko-sama is extant, — and after he had " quieted the country," a decided change 

 in Japanese art: peaceful scenes were now represented, with flowers and trees, including "the 

 Japanese maple with its beautiful autumnal tints " (Acer pictian. See Jap. centen. comm. 100). 



"The same year " (Humb. iii. 8), the Northwest coast of America in Lat. 57° 30', discovered by 

 Francisco Gali. 



" Oct. 5th," alias " 15th " (Nicol. 34 and 206), " New Style," the change in reckoning devised by 

 Christopher Clavius, established by pope Gregorius XIII.: "ten days" being deducted from this year 

 by calling what " would have been the 5th of October, the 15th." — The so-called " Gregorian Calen- 

 dar " has in the course of years been adopted by European nations generally : but not by Russia, nor 

 anywhere in the East. 



"The same year" (Churchill coll.), arrival of Francis de Ovalle from Mexico at the Philippine 

 Islands. He next sailed North to Macao in China ; and thence Northeast through the " Lequios " 

 or Loo-Choo Islands, and at length Eastward across to the Pacific to the California coast " in thirty- 

 eight degrees and a half of latitude : " not only making the first voyage from Mexico to China, but 

 discovering the way of returning to Mexico. 



" 1583 A. D." (Hakl., Churchill coll., and Holmes), arrival in Newfoundland of Humphrey Gil- 

 bert, having obtained from queen Elizabeth the first English charter for a colony. Entering the 

 harbour of St. John's among "thirty-six vessels of various nations," he landed and took formal pos- 

 session ; and "published three laws for the government of the territory." Sailing thence for Cape 

 Breton, the loss of his largest ship induced him to return ; his own ship was next lost ; but the 

 remaining one succeeded in reaching England. 



" In or about this year" (Gassendi, and Blair), refraction of the rays of light in passing through 

 transparent substances, re-discovered by Tycho Brahe ; and the amount of error from this source 

 in astronomical observation, ascertained by him with great exactness. 



" In this year " (Spreng , and Winckler), Alpinus returning from Egypt by the way of Crete and 

 the Greek islands, meeting with Galium Graecum exot. 166, Ferula OrUntalis 199, Statice echinus 

 56, Linum arboreum 18, Saponaria Cretica 291, Dianthus juniperinns 38, Teucrium Creticum 102, 

 Nepeta scordotis 283, Alyssum Creticum 118, Anthyllis Hermanniae 26, Coronilla argentea 16, C. 

 S^lobosa 314, Astragalus echioides 54, Catananche lutea 286, Staehelina arborescens 32, Achillea Cre- 

 tica 83, E-phedra fragilis 140, and Pteris ensifolia 66. 



Onosma simplicissima of the Uralian plains. Termed " echium ereticum " by Alpinus exot. 129 



(Spreng.) : observed by Gmelin iv. pi. 40 in Siberia; by Pallas trav. i. 235 to ii. 18 from the Lower 



Volga to Oufa. 



" In this year" (Spreng., Prior, and Winckler), Dodoens publishing his Stirp. Hist, pemptades, 

 enumerating * Allium magicum 985, Farsetia clypeata 89, Latliyrus Nissolia 529, Lysi?nachia ephe- 

 mera 203, Bromus arvensis 540, Narlhecium ossifragum 208, Veronica maritiina 86, Iris graminea 



* Hibiscus palustris of Northeast America. Possibly distinct from H. moscheutos, the flowers 

 roseate and in all instances destitute of a dark central spot. Transported to Europe, is termed "al- 

 thea hortensis s. peregrina " by Dodoens pempt. 653 — (Linn. sp. pi.). Westward, was observed by 

 Kalm in Canada ; by Bigelow, in the environs of Boston; by myself, only in Eastern New England, 

 from 42° 30' to 4r° 30'. 



Hibiscus moscheutos of Northeast America. The flowers in some instances deeply roseate and 

 destitute of a dark central spot : — observed by Pursh from New York to Carolina ; by Torrey, from 

 Lat. 41 on the Hudson ; by myself, frequent and very showy along the estuary of the Delaware ; by 

 Clayton, in Virginia; by Walter, and Elliot, in South Carolina; by Baldwin, as far as 31 in Florida; 

 by Chapman, ""Georgia', northward and westward ; " by Short, in Kentucky ; and by Nuttall, along. 

 the Arkansas. Transported to Europe, is described by Cornuti pi. 145 (Linn. sp. pi.). 



114 



