9 o8 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



as North Cape and Finland (fl. Dan. pi. 6, Linn. fl. lapp. pi. 6, Fries, and Hook.). Eastward was 

 observed by Gmelin from the Biela river to Ochotsk and Kamtchatka ; by Cbamisso, in East Siberia 

 as far as Bering Straits, and on the Aleutian Islands ; by Mertens, around Nortolk Sound ; by myself, 

 on the alpine summits of the White mountains of New England; was rece.ved by Hooker n. 44 from 

 Arctic America, Newfoundland (A. Dec), and Iceland. 



Scrophularia vcmalis of middle Europe. Described by Clusius pann. 595 — (Spreng.), and 

 known to grow in France, Italy, Switzerland, and Austria (Pers.). In Britain, seems first mentioned 

 by Aiton ii. 342, but has become frequent about towns and along hedges, and is regarded by Watson 

 and A. Decandolle as exotic. . 



Linaria gcnistifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Clusius pann. 

 308— (Spreng.) ; termed "1. fiore pallido rictu aureo " by Tournefort inst. 170, "ant. pallidiflorum " 

 by Lamarck fl. fr., and known to grow from Switzerland and Saxony to Siberia (Pers.) : observed by 

 Jacquin austr. pi. 244 in Austria; by Sibthorp, from mount Athos to Constantinople. By European 

 colonists was carried to Northeast America, observed by H. G. Clark, and Lesquereux, along "road- 

 sides, New York, near the city" (A. Gray). 



'•In this year" (Klapr. chrest. p. viii), the Mandchous increasing in power and extending their 

 conquests over Tartary and in the direction of China. 



•' In this year " (Dutch mem. emb , and Stanley note to De Morga 80), a mission of four Francis- 

 cans and a Jesuit, obtaining an audience of Fide-josi, receive permission to establish themselves at 

 Meaco, on condition of not converting any Japanese. 



" 15S4, July 13th " (Hakl., Churchill coll., and Holmes), Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlow under 

 a charter from queen Elizabeth obtained by Walter Raleigh, arriving at Wohoken Island, outside 

 of Pamlico Sound. Landing, they took formal possession ; and Barlow with seven men proceeded up 

 the Sound to Roanoke Island, to a village "of nine houses, built ivith cedar, and fortified with sharp 

 trees" (palisades): meeting with "deer" (Cervus I'irgiuiaiius), "rabbets" (Lepus palustris ? ), 

 "hares" {Lepus Americanttst), and -fowl" (J/ticagris ga/lopaw); also "vines" {Vitis vulpina), 

 "pines, sassafras, cypress" {Taxodium distkhuin), " mastich-trees " {Rhus copaliina), "white coral, 

 and some pearls." Also (according to Strachey 143) "currants" {{'actinium), and "the tree that 

 beareth the rind of black synamon, of which like Capt. Winter brought from the Streights of Magel- 

 laun" (Magnoila glauca). 



•' In this year" (Spreng.), Guafridus Linocierus publishing his Hist., chiefly derived from Lerius, 

 Garcias, Acosta, and others. 



" 1585 A. D." (art de verif.), the title "quambuku" conferred by Ookimatz on Fide-josi, render- 

 ing him equal and in effect, depriving himself of all temporal power: the ceremony only remaining of 

 a visit of homage every three to five years. 



"June 26th" (Hakl., and Llolmes), Richard Greenville under instructions from Walter Raleigh, 

 arriving at Wohoken Island. After examining the neighbouring continent, he proceeded to Roanoke 

 Island, and left there " one hundred and seven persons " under Rafe Lane : being the first settlement 

 in America attempted by the English. He next sailed along the coast "one hundred and thirty miles," 

 as far North as "the country of the Chesepeaks." 



In the country around (De Biy i. 7) Hariot met with a kind of herb two and a half feet or more 

 high, large-leaved and in its leaves producing silk (.-Isclcpias Cornuli) ; " linum " growing wild (Linum 

 Virginian uni) ; trees in great abundance yielding turpentine, tar, and resin {Pinus australis) ; 

 "cedrus," furnishing "odoratum" timber suitable for cabinet-work {'Junipcrus I'ii giniana) ; "vitis" 

 of two kinds, one with acerb grapes as large as the English {litis labi usca), the other with much 

 "larger grapes full of juice ( V. vulpina) ; nuts of two kinds that will \ield oil {Carya alba, and C. sul- 

 cata) ; berries of three kinds, in shape "glandibus similis," from which oil is procured by the natives 

 {Afyrica cerifera, Olea Americana, Pyrularia ohifera*) ; various kinds of gums ( . . ), and other 



* Sapium scbiferum of . . . The tallow tree "twenty to forty feet high " (Chapm.), is called 

 in the environs of Bombay " pippal yank " ((iraham) ; and possibly one of the berries "glandibus 

 similis " observed by Hariot yielding oil to the natives on the Roanoke : — S. sebiferum is described 

 by Plukenet amalth. pi. 390 ; was observed by Michaux under cultivation in our Southern States 

 (Pers.); by Chapman, in " Georgia and South Carolina near the coast," but regarded by him as "intro- 

 duced." Eastward, was observed by (iraham in gardens at Bombay; by Ainslie ii. 433, and Rox- 

 burgh, in other parts of Hindustan; and according to Drury "introduced," but now extensively 

 cultivated in the Dhoons and Punjaub, its seed-vessels "hard brownish husks not unlike those of 

 chestnuts." Farther East, the " kuei-xu " was seen by Navarrete i. 15 in 1(1(13 used by the Chinese 

 for making candles: S. sebiferum is used for this purpose in Northern China, and "forms a vast 

 trade" (Abel trav. in chin. 177, and Drur.). 



