9I 8 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"The same year" (Alst, and art de verif.), Murad III. succeeded by Mohammed III., fifteenth 

 Turkish sultan. Coins of Mohammed III. issued at Cairo, are figured in Marcel p. 204. 



" In this year " (Spreng.), Marcus Urzedowa publishing his Polonicum Herbarium, enumerating 

 Melampyrum nemorosum 293. 



"In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Giovani Pona of Verona publishing his Simphcia in 

 Baldo, enumerating* Lotus g/auats, Marrubium acetabulosttm 10, " trifoglio argentato alpino " pi. 

 222 Potentilla nitida (Schmied. ed. G. p. 63), Veronica saxatilis 74, Paedcrota bouarota 72, Campa- 

 nula pel 'raea 62, Phyteuma comosa 70, Bupleurum graminifolium in, Saxifraga rupeslris 76, Cherle- 

 ria sedoides 89, Areuaria Bavarica 60, Clematis (Atragene) alpina 68, Ranunculus -rutaefolius 87, 

 Myagrum saxatile 78, Geranium argenteum 91, Trifolium alpinum 84, Senecio incanus in, and 

 Aspidium alpinum 101. 



" 1596 A. D." (Pauth. p. 409), in the provinces of Ho-nan, Chen-si, and Chan-si, " ten gold and 

 silver mines" opened by the emperor Chin-tsoung II., contrary to the advice of his ministers. — " Six 

 years " afterwards, he caused them to be closed. 



" In this year " (Spreng.), arrival of Barnabas Cobo in the West Indies. — He afterwards pro- 

 ceeded to Mexico, and remained chiefly in Peru '■ until 1653.'' 



"June 9th" (Churchill coll.), sailing from Amsterdam, Willem Barents and John Cornelis Ryp 

 discovered Bear Island "in 74 30' ; " and "on the 19th," Spitzbergen in "80° n'," supposed how- 

 ever by them to be part of Greenland. Continuing East, Barents "on the 15th Aug." again rounded 

 the Northeastern extreme of Nova Zembla, but being unable to advance or return, wintered there,— 

 and died on the following " 20th June." 



"June nth" (Churchill coll ), arrival on the coast of Sumatra of Cornelius Hootman with four 

 ships ; "the first voyage the Dutch made to India." 



" In this year " (De Morga 78), a Spanish vessel from the Philippines in distress seeking refuge 

 in Japan, the pilot, Francisco de Landa, imprudently exhibited his charts of navigation to a Japanese 

 official : the charts included Mexico and Peru, and on being asked how possession was obtained of 

 such very distant countries, Landa replied, "that first the monks had entered and preached their relig- 

 ion, and the military forces following after them had subjected those countries." All which being 

 reported to Fide-josi, he again prohibited Christianity in his dominions, — and on the following "Feb. 

 5th," six Franciscans and eighteen Japanese converts were crucified. 

 "June 21st" (Blair), Cadiz in Spain captured by the English. 



"In this year" (Spreng.), C. Bauhin publishing his Phytopinax, enumerating Trifolium lappa- 

 ccum pi. 5. 



" 1597 A. D." (Univ. hist , and Holmes), in addition to the English buccaneers in the West Indies, 

 a fleet of French making their appearance captured and pillaged Carthagena. 



In this year (De Morga 88), near Mindanao, the small island of Jolo (Sulu), that " may have three 

 thousand men, with their own king and lord, all of them" Mussulmans, had hitherto willingly paid 

 tribute: but after the withdrawal of the main body of Spanish forces from Mindanao, Juan Pacho, 

 captain of the fort at Caldera, sent a few soldiers to barter for wax, when they were ill-treated and two 

 of them killed by the people of Jolo. Pacho desiring to chastise this excess, went there " with a few 

 boats and thirty soldiers ; " but was himself slain, and his party totally defeated. The "event caused 

 much regret at Manila," from the loss of prestige both on Jolo and Mindanao. 



" In this year" (Spreng.), Evang. ( kiatrami of Ferrara publishing his Ingredienti della teriaca. 

 Scutellaria Columnce of Italy and Greece. Mentioned by Quatrami — (Spreng.) ; observed also 

 in Italy by Columna ecphr. pi. 189, and Allioni pi. 84 (Pers.) ; by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 



" In this year" (Spreng., and Prior), Gerarde publishing his Herbal, enumerating Rhynchospora 

 alba 50, Festuca my urns 29, Hordeum pratense 29, Potanio^etou heterophyllus S21, Campanula lati- 

 folia 44S, Asclepias variegita 100, Sison segetum 10 18, Polygonum minus 446, Arenaria peploides 



* Silene acaulis of the Arctic region and mountain-summits farther South. Termed "ocymoides 

 muscosus " by Pona 341, as observed on mount Baldo, — "muscus alpinus lyclmidis flore " by Kauhin 

 hist. iii. 767, and known to grow on Spitzbergen and on the mountains of Northern and middle Europe 

 and Asia (C. Bauhin pin. io(\ fl. Dan. pi. 21, Pers., and Wats.): observed by Linnaeus abounding on 

 the mountains of Lapland, often covering their summits with its deep purple flowers ; by myself, in 

 purple patches on the crest of the Swiss Alps, meriting the appellation of " Alpium ornamentum " 

 bestowed by Persoon. Westward, was observed by Sabine in Iceland and Greenland, and according 

 to Hooker grows along the shores of the Arctic Sea and throughout Arctic America; was observed 

 by ... . in Labrador (Pursh, and Tor.) ; by Chamisso, on Unalaska ; by E. James, on the alpine por- 

 tion of the Rocky mountains ; by myself, on the alpine portion of the White mountains, but here 

 inconspicuous and moss-like with whitish flowers (compare S. exocapa of Allioni pi. 79 f. 2). 



